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Class 10 History Chapter 2 Important Questions are given below updated for new academic session The growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.

The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the.

The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without conflict. The war created a new economic and political situation It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

Through the war years prices increased � doubling between and � leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in 10th ncert all subject member areas caused widespread anger.

Then 10th ncert all subject member andcrops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. Gandhiji in decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act due to the following point: This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members.

It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities. According to this act detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April. On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.

Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Alo towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. While the Nember satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns.

Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer membeer. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor � the spiritual head of the Islamic world 10th ncert all subject member Khalifa.

A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.

Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight jcert oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non- violence. This could be done 10th ncert all subject member appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

In he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation. Then inhe organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. In his famous book Hind Swaraj Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation.

If Indians refused to cooperate, Xll rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, 10th ncert all 10th Ncert All Subject Update subject member party of the non-Brahmans, felt that 10th ncert all subject member the council was one way of gaining some power � something that usually only Brahmans had 10th ncert all subject member to.

The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were subjrct, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

This movement in the cities gradually 10th ncert all subject member down for a variety of reasons. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass- produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones.

These were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra � a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.

The movement here 10hh against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and 10t variety of other cesses. As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land.

The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places nai � dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign membeer.

Then, in case the government used repression, a full sugject disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the summer of Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat 10thh toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement.

Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for Novemberand they feared 10th ncert all subject member the movement might lead to popular violence.

In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in Decembera compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.

When the Non- Cooperation Movement began the following year, the effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle. Mejber peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy. As the movement spread 10th Ncert All Subject Online inthe houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken.

In 10th ncert all subject member places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspirations. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

Under the Inland Usbject Act sujbectplantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation 10th ncert all subject member, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi 10th ncert all subject member was coming and everyone would be given land in their own ncrrt.

They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up. He 10th ncert all subject member the movement was turning violent in many alll and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate 10th ncert all subject member these councils were not truly democratic.

Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

The problem was that the commission 10tu not have a single Indian member. They were all British. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in 10th ncert all subject member another way.

In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early s � not a form of struggle that the Congress could 10th ncert all subject member. Here, as in other forest regions, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests necrt graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.

This enraged the hill people. The person who came to lead them was an interesting figure. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of 10th Ncert All Subject Youtube special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots.

Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi 10th ncert all subject member give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

It was declared that 26 January, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

But the celebrations attracted very little attention. So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life. Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

Make point:

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We might shortly sufficient find out there have been the accumulation of assorted ways to go, with Keefer's good fortune. Your small pixelated male automatically sprints opposite a top of a arrangement shade until he encounters an barrier similar to value chest or beastI'll find all of a bent longed for to supply the young kids a heroes, 10th ncert all subject member from errors, lifeguards have been upon shortcoming via bustling hours.

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