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With an estimated population of 2,, in , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second most populous county in the U. Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , defined as either the U. Census Bureau's Metropolitan Statistical Area 9. Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the midth century.
Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. Chicago's 58 million tourist visitors in set a new record, [19] [20] and Chicago has been voted the best large city in the U. Of the area's many colleges and universities, the University of Chicago , Northwestern University , and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as "highest research" doctoral universities.
Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues , including two Major League Baseball teams. The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami-Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion ; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps".
The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around in a memoir. In the midth century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi , a Native American tribe who had succeeded the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples in this region.
The first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was explorer Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. In , following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the US for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville.
This was destroyed in in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the British and their native allies. It was later rebuilt. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in and sent west of the Mississippi River during Indian Removal. On August 12, , the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, , [41] and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.
As the site of the Chicago Portage , [43] the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. In the s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas�Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.
Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for US president at the Republican National Convention , which was held in Chicago in a temporary building called the Wigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War. To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February , Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough 's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.
The city responded by tunneling two miles 3. In , the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into the Mississippi River.
In , the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles 6. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. The city has grown significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between and , with the largest annexation happening in , with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township , which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township , which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side.
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population by , whites were Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, , and in the Pullman Strike.
Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. During the s and s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City, and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera , smallpox , and yellow fever were both passed and enforced.
These Aluminum Barge For Sale Craigslist Vancouver laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities.
The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in , in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health.
Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. The Exposition drew The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the Washington and Jackson Parks.
During World War I and the s there was a major expansion in industry. Between and , the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44, to , The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in made the production and sale including exportation of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States.
This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from until when Prohibition was repealed. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization.
The organization, formed in , was called the Society for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since has been a Democrat.
From to , the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. Unemployed workers, relief recipients, and unpaid schoolteachers held huge demonstrations during the early years of the Great Depression. The fiscal crisis was resolved by , and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago and enabled the city to complete construction of Lake Shore Drive, landscape numerous parks, construct 30 new schools, and build a thoroughly modernized State Street Subway.
By the Workers Alliance of America begun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In and , the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition World's Fair.
When general prosperity returned in , Chicago had an entrenched Democratic machine, a fully solvent city government, and a population that had enthusiastically shared mass culture and mass movements.
Over one-third of the workers in Chicago's manufacturing sector were unionized. Over 1, companies produced everything from field rations to parachutes to torpedoes, while new aircraft plants employed , in the construction of engines, aluminum sheeting, bombsights, and other components.
The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave , as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, , physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Mayor Richard J. Daley , a Democrat , was elected in , in the era of machine politics.
In , the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas � in many American cities, a process known as white flight � as Blacks continued to move beyond the Black Belt. While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting , completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.
At its peak during the s, some , workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the s and s reduced this number to just 28, in In , Martin Luther King Jr. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police. Daley's tenure. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.
In , Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development , as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying the runways.
After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In , a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with million US gallons 1,, m 3 of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago metropolitan area , situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region.
The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage , connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers�the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side�flow either entirely or partially through the city.
Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side.
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