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Body fat, lung size, clothing, and whether the water is rough or calm, all play a part. Read the label on your PFD to be sure it's made for people your weight and size. Test it as shown in the next section. Then in an emergency, don't panic. Relax, put your head back and let your PFD help you come out on top. Follow these points to be sure your PFD stays in good condition: 1. Don't alter your PFD. If yours doesn't fit, get one that does.
Play it safe. An altered PFD may not save your life. Don't put heavy objects on your PFD or use it for a kneeling pad or boat fender. PFDs lose buoyancy when crushed. Let your PFD drip dry thoroughly before putting it away.
Always stow it in a well-ventilated place. Don't leave your PFD on board for long periods when the boat is not in use. Never dry your PFD on a radiator, heater, or any other direct heat source. Put your name on your PFD if you're the only wearer.
Cushions throw best underhand. This is called hypothermia. If your body temperature goes too low, you may pass out and then drown. Even if you're wearing a PFD, your body can cool down 25 times faster in cold water than in air. Water temperature, body size, amount of body fat, and movement in the water all play a part in cold water survival. Small people cool faster than large people. Children cool faster than adults. But PFDs can still help you stay alive longer in cold water. They let you float without using energy and they protect part of your body from cold water.
A snug-fitting PFD is better than one that's loose-f itting. When you boat in cold water, use a flotation coat or deck-suit style PFD. In cold water, they're better than vests because they cover more of your body. When you're in cold water, don't swim unless you can reach a nearby boat, fellow survivor, or floating object.
Even good swimmers drown while swimming in cold water. Swimming lowers your body temperature. If a nearby floating object is large, pull yourself up on it. The more your body is out of water, the warmer you'll be. Don't use drownproofing methods that call for putting your face in the water.
Keep your head out of the water to lessen heat loss and increase survival time. Use of the HELP position will lessen heat loss. Keep a positive outlook. It will improve your chances of survival. Always wear your PFD. Even if you become helpless from hypothermia, your PFD will keep you afloat. Under 15 to 45 min. The following are related questions that have been asked pertaining to baby seat type PFDs for infants: Questions: What do you recommend for a 7 month old child?
She rides in the car seat while in the car but it seems like that would sink like a rock if the boat ever capsized. What should she sit in and what type of life vest would you recommend that she wear? We recommend that the infant wear the PFD at all time while onboard the boat.
Question: Are there break away infant seats available? We are not aware of any such device being sold. USCG response: At this time we do not, because none have been submitted for testing. If a manufacturer designs one and submits it for testing, we will consider it for USCG approval. Recently, there has been interest from inventors who may develop such a device, but to date, none have been fully tested and submitted for approval.
The PFDs currently available for newborns up to 18 pounds may not provide a proper fit to perform as expected. You must be sure you know the PFD you have works for your infant. Otherwise we recommend the child not be exposed to any risk in a boat on the water. How can someone with a chest size larger than cm 52 in get a PFD that fits? What should a person do who exceeds the normal size range to have a personal flotation device PFD that fits?
At some point for very large or small people, the individual must take responsibility for his personal equipment, because there are not enough people in the size range to make the expense of testing and approval practical for manufacturers. Because most recreational boating accidents happen so suddenly, it is important to find a PFD that you are willing to wear whenever on open decks. But, in open water, the more comfortable PFDs will not provide for extended survival.
Therefore, for off-shore sailing, fishing, etc. A Type II or III should be worn under most circumstances and a Type I carried to be donned then the weather turns bad or for the actual abandon ship situation.
A Type V hybrid inflatable PFD could serve both purposes, but 52 inch chest size is the largest approved to date. You should test any combination you plan to use in calm water beforehand. Adult universal size PFDs are required to fit a range of chest sizes of at least 75 - cm 30 - 52 inches.
Manufacturers are shown in these Blue Water Sailing Boat Ukulele lists for Type I devices made with kapok flotation material and foam flotation material. The kapok vest style design should fit chest sizes up to cm 54 inches without much difficulty. We estimate that a foam vest design will also fit most people of this size. Clip-on body strap extensions are the preferred method of accommodating large people.
The same types of materials should be used as in the approved PFD. The PFD manufacturer may be willing to provide the clip-on body strap extension or necessary material. The user should then test the modified PFD in the water. Modifying a PFD, such as permanently adding additional body strap webbing, voids the device's approval, no matter who does the modification. However, for a person with a chest size over cm 52 inches , using an adult universal PFD with a clip-on body strap extension does not void the approval.
If a PFD manufacturer wishes to provide the body strap extension, we recommend that it be provided with a PFD pamphlet and a caution that the PFD with the extension be tested by the individual user. A PFD manufacturer or anyone for that matter may produce an un-approved device for larger persons without Coast Guard approval.
Three rigs are recognised by the International Laser Association: original Laser standard with a sail area of 7. Examples include the Laser 2 and Laser Pico. The Laser's hull is made out of glass reinforced plastic. The deck has a foam layer underneath for strength and buoyancy. The daggerboard is removable for storage and transport. The dinghy is manufactured by independent companies under licence in different parts of the world, including Performance Sailcraft Australia Oceania and Performance Sailcraft Japan.
While discussing the possibility of a car-topped dinghy a boat small enough to be carried on a roof rack of a typical car for a line of camping equipment, Bruce Kirby sketched what would be known as "the million-dollar doodle".
After a few sail modifications, the Laser easily won its class. The first world championship was held in in Bermuda. Entrants came from 24 countries, and first place was won by Peter Commette from the United States.
The Laser became a men's Olympic -class boat at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, and a special Olympic edition of the boat was released that year in commemoration.
A version with a smaller sail, the Laser Radial see below , was first sailed as a women's Olympic-class boat at the Summer Olympics. Arguably the greatest champion of the Laser Class is Robert Scheidt nickname "El Demolidor" from Brazil; he won the world championship eight times and won two gold and one silver Olympic medals.
The Laser is manufactured by different companies in different regions. In , the Laser's status as an Olympic class was reviewed, and retained on the condition that the class complied with the Olympic equipment manufacturers OEM policy, allowing any suitably qualified manufacturer to supply boats and class equipment on a Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory FRAND basis.
The move would potentially see a significant increase in the number of Laser producers. The Class association operates on four levels: the world level; a regional level based around continents; a district level based around states in the USA and Australia, and nations elsewhere; and at a local fleet level.
The association plays a major role in ensuring conformity to Laser class rules worldwide. As a one-design class of sailboat, all Lasers are built to the same specifications specified in the Laser Construction Manual. The association carries out inspections on manufacturers to ensure that boats are being made to the correct design.
These factory specifications are the measurement of boats in a traditional sense. Sailors are prohibited from making any changes to the hull, sail, and spars unless specifically and positively permitted by the rules and are only allowed to use original parts.
At regattas, boats are not measured, but rather inspected to ensure conformity with the rules. The Laser hull is 4. The hull weight is The various sizes of Laser are all cat-rigged ; in that they have only a mainsail and no headsail. The Laser Standard sail has a sail area of 7. The Laser uses a Portsmouth Yardstick of for racing involving other classes. In recent years, to move the boat with the changing times, the basic sail controls have been upgraded by means of the XD performance kit.
This is available from at least two manufacturers, Allen and Harken. Fitting these kits allows the outhaul and cunningham to be adjusted more easily when under sail via cleats fitted to the deck so that the lines are always available to the sailor.
These are complemented by extra blocks and a rule-change allowing up to outhaul purchase and cunningham purchase. A vendor-supplied clew-cuff, an upgraded traveler and mainsheet boom-blocks with bearings and a new Boat Sailing On Water 5g brake design have been approved by class-rules and are available for sale. Laser sailing and racing present a unique set of physical and skill-based challenges. Fast Laser sailing requires an advanced level of fitness in order to endure the straight-legged hiking and body-torque techniques essential in getting upwind and reaching quickly.
Since Laser sailing has increased not only to be physical upwind and reaching but also to include far more demanding sailing and potential speed increases when sailing downwind. Traditionally sailing downwind has been considered processional in dinghy racing, simply being pushed downwind. But Laser sailors, including Ben Ainslie and Robert Scheidt significantly changed the techniques used to race a Laser downwind.
The techniques these sailors introduced use a much more dynamic sailing method, concentrating on surfing the waves going downwind.
The sailors will weave their way downwind, constantly looking to either side for the next large wave they can "hop" onto and surf downwind. To maximize their speed, boats will often be sailed by the lee, where the airflow over the sail is reversed from its usual direction and thus travels from the lee to the luff of the sail.
This change in technique for downwind racing has changed most dinghy racing to be much more competitive on the downwind legs and resulted in a change of the international course shape from a traditional triangle to a trapezoid giving greater opportunity for increased upwind and straight downwind legs. In addition, downwind Laser sailing can very easily result in a death roll where the boat rocks, flips, and capsizes to windward, or the lesser-known big brother of the death roll: the California Roll, where the boat capsizes to windward but the sailor is pushed under the boat before popping up the other side.
Laser world championships are held in all three rigs and across junior, open, and masters age groups. In total in , the Laser class association awarded 11 world championships. Places for world championships are limited due to high demand and are allotted to countries on the basis of the number of paid association members in each country.
A Laser's date and place of manufacture can be determined by looking at the serial number stamped into the transom or under the fairlead on the bow on older hulls. This serial number is unique to the boat and is also the same number that must be displayed on the sail if used for racing.
The Laser is unusual in this aspect since almost every other sailing craft has the numbers assigned by the national organization. This means that the same Laser can be moved between countries without having to change sail numbers.
The first commercially sold Laser sailboat had sail number earlier boats were considered "prototypes". Since Lasers are registered by their hull number, and not their rig, swapping a boat between standard, radial and 4. Lasers can be rigged with a variety of rigs.
Three of these rigs, the Standard, Radial and 4. The Laser Standard is the original Laser rig. It has been sailed as the Olympic men's singlehanded dinghy since the Atlanta Olympics. The Radial uses the same hull and fittings as the Laser Standard, but has a smaller sail 5.
Optimal weight for this rig is to lb 55 to 72 kg. A smaller sail plan for the Laser was developed about a decade after the Laser Radial. The same formula as the Radial is kept. The hull is the same as the Standard and Radial. The Laser 4. The Laser M Rig is no longer in production. It was the first attempt at making a smaller rig for smaller sailors. It employed the same lower mast section, but a shorter top section.
This variant differed when compared to the other unmodified rigs. This is primarily because the shorter top section didn't allow enough bend to be induced in the mast as the bottom section is very stiff ; this made the boat difficult to sail and de-power especially in heavier winds. This rig is no longer recognized by the Laser Class.
Rooster Sailing, a company based in the UK, designed and created a larger rig for the Laser hull called the Rooster 8.
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