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People followed waterways, from canals to great rivers, to build businesses, communities, and new lives. The Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and other rivers knit together the American nation over the course of a century.
In an era before widespread highways and railroads, the farms and industries of the Midwest poured their goods downriver to markets around the world. The boomtowns of the century�New Orleans, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and many others�thrived and grew on this waterborne commerce. Waterways were so valuable that the nation began building them. The Erie Canal was one. Area farms and industries benefited from the traffic on the canal. The Erie Canal provided an easy way for farms in upstate New York to transport their products to market.
On return trips from the city, the canal brought consumer goods to growing communities. The men dug the 4-foot-deep by foot-wide canal largely by hand, aided by draft animals, explosives, and tree-stump-pulling machines. Local residents and new immigrants all found work on the project. And between and , canal construction transformed a three-family settlement at Lockport into a town of 3, residents, not counting almost 2, canal workers.
The canal connected the cities of upstate New York to markets across the Atlantic and justified the expense of expanding manufacturing. Many immigrants traveled on the canal. William Rogers Jr. Business leaders and lawmakers in other states rushed to compete with the Erie Canal. Few of their projects met with the same success. In , Pennsylvania began a canal to link Pittsburgh to the port city of Philadelphia.
The Allegheny Mountains blocked the route, forcing engineers to design a railroad to lift freight from one part of the canal to another.
The canal opened in , and was for sale 10 years later. It was largely abandoned by the s, and closed in , having never paid off its investors. The mile canal was a technological achievement. It carried so much traffic that it was enlarged only ten years after it opened and twice more by Some 20, people gathered to watch a fleet of vessels greet the Seneca Chief , the first canal boat to travel the entire distance of the new canal.
The invitation and medals here celebrate the promise of the canal. Canal boats needed jars, jugs, crocks, and pots for the food, drink, and other perishable cargo they carried. Almost overnight, potteries sprang up in canal towns to turn out practical stoneware. Each piece was made distinctive by its glaze, decoration, and shape, and proudly stamped with the name and city of the potter, some of whom were immigrants.
These examples date from the early years of the Erie Canal. New Orleans was a seaport as well as a river port, and a vital connection between the American heartland and the rest of the world. The rise of the steamboat brought trade upriver and opened the Midwest to settlers and goods. By , New Orleans was the second busiest port in the United States and the fourth largest in the world.
At various points in its history, France, Spain, and the United States had all claimed the city. Its residents and visitors created a rich mixture of languages, religions, foods, and traditions.
By the mids, the United States produced more cotton than any other nation in the world. Most of it left the country through New Orleans�to be spun, woven, cut, and sewn into clothing and countless other products. The cotton industry linked millions of lives. Its sprawling network included enslaved workers on cotton plantations, merchants in New Orleans, sailors and shipowners, textile workers in New England and Great Britain, and customers around the world.
Coastal traffic between New Orleans and cities along the East Coast reflected the growing economic connections between American people and industries in the early s.
The Ohio carried passengers and cargo between Philadelphia and New Orleans. Cotton was the most common cargo shipped out of New Orleans in coastal packets like the Ohio in the s. The Franklin and Armfield firm, which was responsible for this transaction, was a well-known and wealthy slave trading business in Alexandria.
Ocean sailing ships tied up next to river steamboats in the busy port of New Orleans. To reach the city, seagoing vessels sailed roughly miles up the Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico. Widely adopted in textile mills on both sides of the Atlantic, the power loom was used to produce fancy designs in silk, wool, and even in cotton.
A steamship carrying 6, bales of cotton and 4, sacks of cottonseed could have its entire cargo unloaded and reloaded in as few as eleven hours. Gangs of African American dockworkers performed most of this work both before and after the end of slavery. The cotton shipped through New Orleans came from thousands of plantations throughout the South. Until well into the s, it was laboriously planted, tended, and picked by hand, often by sharecroppers and tenant farmers.
Curran Battle of Warrenton, Georgia, submitted this model of a cotton bale when he applied for a patent in Cotton was processed through a cotton gin, pressed, and baled at the plantation. A staggering 7, bales of cotton were carried aboard the sternwheel steamer Chas. Chouteau , shown here in Natchez, Mississippi, in December From John M.
Deck passengers usually outnumbered cabin passengers three or four to one. The fares were cheap but the comforts few: without beds or shelter, they found room among the cargo crates. The deck passengers in this image are suffering from cholera, an epidemic that spread along the Mississippi in The sidewheel steamboat J.
White was designed for passenger service between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Greenville, Mississippi. The vessel was a masterpiece of the gaudy, glamorous style known as Steamboat Gothic and was one of the largest, most expensive, and most powerful river steamers ever built. The boilers produced 2, horsepower and the ship could carry first-class passengers and 10, bales of cotton. Yet it sat only 6 feet 6 inches deep in the water fully laden. The J. White burned at a Louisiana landing in December First-class passengers traveled in luxury aboard the J.
Like most large riverboats, it was covered with painted wood ornament, particularly on the inside. Such elaborate decoration was both fashionable and relatively inexpensive. It decorated middle-class homes as well as riverboats. The plot follows a family of performers who travel up and down the river on the Cotton Blossom Floating Theater. The Floating Palace consisted of a museum of oddities, a menagerie, an aquarium, and a showboat.
Its stage was home to dozens of plays like Hamlet , Little Nell of the Ozarks , and even the antics of a trained bucking mule named January. They brought entertainment to mining towns and farming communities along the way until the end of the great showboat era.
The Ohio River brought prosperity and people to Cincinnati�and carried away pork. Through the early s, the city supplied southern plantations and towns with flour, whiskey, manufactured goods, and especially pork. Detail, Plates 1 and 4, of Daguerreotype View of Cincinnati. Taken from Newport, Ky. The Ohio legislature approved construction of two canals in , including one linking the Ohio River at Cincinnati with agricultural lands to the north.
Four hundred boats operated on the canal at its height in Keelboats like this carried traffic on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers in the early s. They could move upstream or down�sailed, rowed, poled, or hauled with tow-lines. Keelboats stayed in service into the s. During the s, steamboats carried much of the commerce on the Ohio River. Faster boats like the Buckeye State could demand higher freight and passenger rates.
In May , with people aboard and no cargo, the Buckeye State ran miles upstream from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh in 43 hours, the fastest time ever. The Underground Railroad was a loose system of abolitionists who provided food, shelter, clothing, and safety to countless people escaping slavery for freedom. Many fugitive slaves stowed away on steamboats and sailed to freedom, often with the help of African Americans on board.
Others escaped along the banks of waterways that led north. John P. Parker of Ripley, Ohio, was once enslaved. He helped other people escape north across the Ohio River. One night he and several others heard about a group of five hiding along the riverbank in Kentucky: Early in the night, seven of us armed with muskets in a little flotilla of three boats quietly rowed across the river to the spot where the people we were to rescue were seen.
We found them all right, scared and hungry. Just as quietly as we came, we stole away After that there was no stopping until we delivered our charges at Red Oak Station of the Underground Railroad. This image of people escaping slavery is a romanticized view of what was actually a terrifying and dangerous journey. The Missouri River led explorers, trappers, and migrants into the American West. From the s on, the river was the starting point for tens of thousands of people looking for new lives along the California, Mormon, Oregon, and Santa Fe trails.
Many travelers on the Missouri encountered the Hidatsa and Mandan peoples, who lived in villages along the river.
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