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How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods? Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items? Which of the following constitute a food-chain? Which of the following are environment-friendly practices? Question 4. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
Answer: If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, then transfer of energy as well as matter to next higher level will stop. It will lead to over- population at one particular level causing amongst the individuals. This would seriously disturb the food chain and can cause the collapse of an ecosystem even. Question 5. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels?
Answer: Yes, the impact Of removing all the Organisms in a trophic level will be different for different trophic levels. It will not be possible to remove any organism in any trophic level without causing damage to the ecosystem. Question 6. What is biological magnification? Answer: The accumulation of harmful chemicals in the body of living organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain is called biological magnification.
Yes, the concentration of these harmful chemicals will be different at different trophic levels. It will be maximum at the last trophic levels which is mostly of the top carnivores quaternary consumers. Question 7. What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate? Answer: i Non-biodegradable wastes persist in the environment for a long time and cause greater harm to the various members of the ecosystem by causing biological magnification.
Question 8. If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment? Answer: Biodegradable waste will be recycled easily by the decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. It will have only this bad impact on our environment that, many Of the gases released during decomposition process may result in global warming. Question 9. Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern?
Answer: The ozone shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet UV radiation from the sun. These radiations are highly damaging as they can cause cancer in both plants and animals, damage to eyes and immune system. They can also lead to variations in global rainfall, ecological disturbances and dwindling of global food supplies. Due to these reasons, damage to the ozone layer is a major cause for concern.
Steps which are taken to limit this damage :. Identify the original source of the energy which flows through a food chain? A teacher draws the pyramid of energy on board and writes A, B, C and D, in each trophic level as shown in the diagram given alongside. Which level represents the herbivores? Producers harness the maximum energy followed by primary consumers, i. Which of the following groups contains only biodegradable items? Which of the following constitutes a food-chain? Producers grass forms the first trophic level, herbivore goat the second and carnivore human the third trophic level.
Which of the following are environment- friendly practices? Hence, all these practices are considered as environment friendly. Which of the following statements about food chain are correct? It proceeds in straight line. Food chain does not consist of branching lines.
In class, the teacher explained the concept of food chain and energy flow. She made a diagram as given below and asked the students to identify the producer organism in the chain. Answer: b Cabbage is the producer component Class 10th Ncert Our Environment English of this chain. It produces food using sunlight and other components by photosynthesis process. Others are all consumers. An ecosystem includes a all living organisms b non-living objects , c both living organisms and non-living objects d sometimes living organisms and sometimes non-living objects Answer: c All the interacting organisms in an area taken together with the non-living constituents of the environment form an ecosystem.
Thus, an ecosystem consists of biotic components including all living organisms and abiotic components constituting physical factors like temperature, rainfall, wind, soil and minerals. In the following groups of materials, which group s contains only non-biodegradable items? On the other hand, substances that are broken down decomposed by biological processes are said to be biodegradable, e.
Question Which of the following statement is incorrect? Answer: b Green plants prepare their food from inorganic compounds using radiant energy of the sun in the presence of chlorophyll.
All green plants and blue-green algae are called producers as they can prepare food from inorganic substances by photosynthesis. Producers capture the solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. What will happen if deer is missing in the food chain given below? Answer: d If deer is missing in the given food chain, there will not be sufficient food for the tigers.
Some of the tigers will die because of starvation and hence, the population of tigers will decrease. Since, grass is eaten by deers, the population of grass will also increase whefl deer is missing. In a class activity, two students were asked to collect different items from their fellow mates and classify them as biodegradable and non- biodegradable. All the items have been identified except three.
Find out which one is non-biodegradable among these? These products are made from plastic and hence are non-biodegradable. The diagram shows excretory losses from a rat to the environment. Which of the following will not be returned to the ecosystem and recycled? The generated is returned through the carbon cycle. Salts are used by living organisms present in the ecosystem. Urea also returns to the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain?
At each trophic level, a large portion of energy is utilised for the maintenance of organisms that occur at that trophic level. So, organisms at higher level gets less and less energy at successive levels. If a grasshopper is eaten by a frog, then the energy transfer will be from a producer to decomposer b producer to primary consumer c primary consumer to secondary consumer d secondary consumer to primary consumer Answer: c In a food chain, if a grasshopper is eaten by a frog, then the energy transfer will be from primary consumer to secondary consumer.
Grasshopper feeds on producers i. So, it occupies the level of primary consumer. Frogs, eating grasshopper thus become the secondary consumer. In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what will be the energy available at the producer level? In this food chain, at the 4th trophic level, only 5 kJ energy is available to the snake.
So, the energy available at the producer level will be kJ. It can be shown as. Eco-system It is defined as functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Hence, there are two main components of the ecosystem: Biotic: Living organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and humans. Abiotic: It includes physical factors such as temperature, rainfall, wind, soil and minerals.
Examples of natural ecosystem: forests, ponds, lakes, etc, and human made or artificial ecosystems are gardens, crop-fields, aquarium etc. Ecosystem consists of various organisms which can be classified as producers and consumers. Producers are the organisms which make organic compounds like sugar, starch, etc from inorganic substances with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Consumers are the organisms which are dependent on producers for their nutrition. They can be grouped as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, and decomposers. Thus, they help in proper cycling of the nutrients in an ecosystem. Have you ever wondered why we need to clean aquarium but not lakes or ponds?
It is because aquarium is an artificial and incomplete system which lacks producers, food chains, and decomposers. In contrast lake or ponds are natural and complete ecosystem where there is perfect recycling of nutrients and thus does not need to be cleaned very often. Waste Material Waste material can be broadly classified into two categories depending on their degradation:. Food Chains And Webs In an ecosystem, there exists a series of organisms feeding on one another.
This series or organisms taking part at various biotic levels form a food chain. Alternatively, food chain can be defined as a linear network of food or energy flow starting from producer and ending at apex predator. Trophic Level Based on the source of their nutrition or food, organisms occupy a specific place in food chain that is known as their trophic level. There are usually four trophic levels:.
Environmental Problems Depletion of the ozone layer: Ozone O 3 is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. It is located in upper part of the atmosphere called stratosphere and it acts as shield absorbing UV radiation from sun. Waste disposal: Improvements in our life-style have resulted in greater amounts of waste material generation. For e. It is interesting note that how unknowingly some harmful chemicals enter our bodies through the food chain. It happens by two ways: Overuse of several pesticides: These chemicals are either washed down into the soil or into the waterbodies.
From the soil, these are absorbed by the plants along with water and minerals, and from the water bodies these are taken up by aquatic plants and animals. Biological magnification: It is defined as an increase in the concentration of the toxicant at successive trophic levels. These chemicals are not degradable and the organism can neither metabolize nor excrete them and thus they get accumulated progressively at each trophic level.
In addition, human beings occupy the top level in any food chain and thus a maximum concentration of these chemicals gets accumulated in our bodies. Grasshopper represents second trophic level. Frog represents third trophic level. Eagle represents fourth tropic level. Page Number: Question 1 Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable? Page Number: Question 1 What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem? If the herbivores are killed, then the carnivores would not be able to get food and would die.
If carnivores are killed, then the population of herbivores would increase to unsustainable level. If producers are killed, then the nutrient cycle in that area would not be completed. Answer: The problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes are : If the quantity of non-biodegradable matter increases in the nature then bio-magnification of poisonous chemicals in our body increases.
This will cause a break in the food chain resulting in ecosystem imbalance. As a result, the organisms of the higher trophic level will also die, while the individuals of the lower trophic level will exhibit enormous growth in their population. Both the conditions will result in ecological upset. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Yes, the impact of removing all organisms in a trophic level will be different for different trophic levels. If all the producers are killed, it will cause death or migration of the primary consumers in the ecosystem.
In the absence of producers, subsequent level of consumers will also be affected. But if primary consumers are removed, organisms of higher trophic level will die, while those of lower level producers show exponential growth much beyond the carrying capacity of the environment. Removal of the organisms in a trophic level will upset the whole ecosystem as all categories of organisms are linked through food chain.
The survival of organisms of one trophic level depends on the existence of the members of other trophic level. What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Progressive increase in the concentration of non-biodegradable substances in a food chain is called biological magnification. The level of these harmful substances will go on increasing from one trophic level to the next. When certain harmful substances enter the food chain at the level of primary producers,-they get concentrated many times at each subsequent trophic level.
What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate? Non-biodegradable wastes cannot be broken-down into simpler substances. Their volume keeps on increasing creating the problem of their safe disposal. Some of the non-biodegradable wastes like heavy metals and pesticides enter into the food chain and increases in the upper trophic levels. Non-biodegradable wastes reduce the soil fertility by changing the natural pH balance. If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment?
Biodegradable wastes are decomposed by microorganisms into simpler substances themselves and provide raw materials for producers, but they also have adverse effects on the environment: Slow decomposition of biodegradable waste will result in the release of foul smell and harmful gases.
When inhaled by human beings, they may cause irritation, nausea, giddiness, etc. Decomposing waste provides breeding ground for some harmful organisms.
Abundance of harmful microorganisms may cause diseases in animals, plants and human beings. Increase in the number of microorganisms in aquatic medium will- cause oxygen deficiency in waterbodies.
Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage? Ozone layer is a protective shield around the earth. It prevents harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun from reaching the earth. Air pollutants, like chlorofluorocarbons CFCs , are causing depletion of ozone layer. This is allowing greater amount of UV radiation to reach the earth. UV radiation can upset the ecosystem by affecting photosynthesis in plants, destroying planktons and decomposers.
In human beings, UV radiation may cause skin cancer, cataract of eyes and damage to immune system. Several developed as well as developing nations of the world have agreed to sign and obey the directions of TINEP United Nations Environment Programme to freeze the production of CFCs or to 1imit their production to some extent.
Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable? Some substances which are degraded and broken down into simpler substances by the microorganisms, are called biodegradable substances.
For example: Cotton, wood, paper, wool, etc. Substance mainly man-made that do not degraded or broken down into simpler substances by the action of enzymes secreted by microorganisms are called non-biodegradable substances. For example: Plastic, polythene, DDT, etc. Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment. During decomposition process of biodegradable substances foul smell and some harmful gases are released which make problem for the nearby living person.
During decomposition it provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes, insects and microbes responsible for diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, etc. Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment. Handling of waste materials may cause skin, respiratory and intestinal infections. Non-biodegradable substances do not decompose easily so it produces land and water pollution. What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
Decomposers are microorganisms that act on dead and decaying bodies of producers and consumers and break them into simple inorganic compounds. They absorb some of the substances and release the rest into the environment to be recycled and to be used in future by producers.
Thus, decomposers have a key role in the cycling of material in the biosphere and provide the raw materials to the producers. So in this way they make the soil fertile. How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal?
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