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It is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation , i. It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and may contain miscellaneous organic compounds. A fossil fuel , petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae , are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.
Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation. Recent improvements to technologies have also led to exploitation of other unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale. Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation , into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline petrol , diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics , pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, [2] and it is estimated that the world consumes about million barrels each day. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was important for economic development in the 20th century, with some countries, so called " oil states ", gaining significant economic and international power because of their control of oil production.
Petroleum exploitation has significant negative environmental and social consequences. Most significantly, extraction , refining and burning of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of greenhouse gases , so petroleum is one of the major contributors to climate change.
At the same time, parts of the petroleum industry actively suppressed science and policy that aimed to prevent the climate crisis. Other negative environmental effects include the environmental impacts of exploration and exploitation of petroleum reserves, such as oil spills , and air and water pollution at the sites of utilization. All of these environmental impacts have direct health consequences for humans. Additionally, oil has also been a source of conflict leading to both state-led-wars and other kinds of conflicts for example, oil revenue funded the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Production of petroleum is expected to reach peak oil before as global economies reduce dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change mitigation and a transition towards renewable energy and electrification. Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology.
The rise in importance was due to the invention of the internal combustion engine , the rise in commercial aviation , and the importance of petroleum to industrial organic chemistry, particularly the synthesis of plastics, fertilisers, solvents, adhesives and pesticides.
More than years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus , asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon ; there were oil pits near Ardericca near Babylon , and a pitch spring on Zacynthus.
Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. The use of petroleum in ancient China dates back to more than years ago. In I Ching , one of the earliest Chinese writings cites that oil in its raw state, without refining, was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE.
In addition, the Chinese were the first to record the use of petroleum as fuel as early as the fourth century BCE. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku , Azerbaijan. Through Islamic Spain , distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.
Sophisticated oil pits, 15 to 20 feet deep, were dug by the Seneca People and other Iroqouis in Western Pennsylvania as early as The French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm encountered Seneca using petroleum for ceremonial fires and as a healing lotion during a visit to Fort Duquesne in Early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that, in , had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production.
Pechelbronn Pitch fountain is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since , notably for medical purposes. Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century. Chemist James Young noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton , Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a more viscous oil suitable for lubricating machinery.
In , Young set up a small business refining the crude oil. Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.
The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew.
Drake's well is probably singled out because it was drilled, not dug; because it used a steam engine; because there was a company associated with it; and because it touched off a major boom. Romania is the first country in the world to have had its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics: tonnes for Williams's well became commercially viable a year before Drake's Pennsylvania operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America.
Advances in drilling continued into when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring-pole drilling method. Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the twentieth century, including World War II , during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed.
Today, about 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 1 percent of electricity generation. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in Athabasca oil sands and extra heavy oil in the Orinoco Belt. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil.
Thus, Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future. Petroleum includes not only crude oil, but all liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons.
Under surface pressure and temperature conditions , lighter hydrocarbons methane , ethane , propane and butane exist as gases, while pentane and heavier hydrocarbons are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it.
Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered or burned as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature is higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane , and heptane in the gaseous state.
At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form " natural gas condensate ", often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils. The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields , ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens.
The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes , cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons , while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen , oxygen and sulfur , and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.
Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria. Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish.
In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum, and saline water which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow.
These oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated 3. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important " primary energy " sources. Because heavier crude oils have too much carbon and not enough hydrogen, these processes Price Of A Boat In Nigeria National Park generally involve removing carbon from or adding hydrogen to the molecules, and using fluid catalytic cracking to convert the longer, more complex molecules in the oil to the shorter, simpler ones in the fuels.
Due to its high energy density , easy transportability and relative abundance , oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mids. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals , solvents , fertilizers , pesticides , and plastics; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials.
Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. There is also petroleum in oil sands tar sands.
Known oil reserves are typically estimated at around km 3 1. Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons ; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes paraffins , cycloalkanes naphthenes , aromatic hydrocarbons , or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules , which define its physical and chemical properties, like color and viscosity. They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although trace amounts of shorter or longer molecules may be present in the mixture.
The alkanes from pentane C 5 H 12 to octane C 8 H 18 are refined into gasoline, the ones from nonane C 9 H 20 to hexadecane C 16 H 34 into diesel fuel , kerosene and jet fuel. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually cracked by modern refineries into more valuable products.
The shortest molecules, those with four or fewer carbon atoms, are in a gaseous state at room temperature. They are the petroleum gases. Depending on demand and the cost of recovery, these gases are either flared off , sold as liquefied petroleum gas under pressure, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane C 4 H 10 , is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates, because its high vapour pressure assists with cold starts.
Liquified under pressure slightly above atmospheric, it is best known for powering cigarette lighters, but it is also a main fuel source for many developing countries. Propane can be liquified under modest pressure, and is consumed for just about every application relying on petroleum for energy, from cooking to heating to transportation.
The cycloalkanes , also known as naphthenes , are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula C n H 2n. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling points.
The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings , to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula C n H 2n They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are carcinogenic. These different molecules are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons.
For example, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane isooctane , widely used in gasoline , has a chemical formula of C 8 H 18 and it reacts with oxygen exothermically : [68]. The number of various molecules in an oil sample can be determined by laboratory analysis. The molecules are typically extracted in a solvent , then separated in a gas chromatograph , and finally determined with a suitable detector , such as a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer. This Unresolved Complex Mixture UCM of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil.
Some of the component of oil will mix with water: the water associated fraction of the oil.
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