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Besides, Jared Polin has demonstrated quite recently that his usage of the Nikon AF was far from optimal. Anyway, you have shown such a degree of dislike for whetever has a Nikon logo on it that I am not surprised you treat as gospel any voice expressing something negative about them.
Your absolute love for nikon causes you to go blind when they are not the best. I find that puzzling. I don't hate nikon, I hate people that validate their purchases. Kona Mike But then, as a coherent and logical person, you should at least admit that, since DPReview used the same AF test for both camera, their assessment that the R6 is overall superior to the Z6II isn't due to the AF of the R6 being superior, right? As far as people shooting fast moving things, there were several reviews of the Z6II, one I vividly remember with dogs running all over the place, that showed excellent performance.
As I wrote several times, I am not only a nikon shooter. I also shot tens of thousands of images with a Nikon D5 before that.
I believe I know a thing or 2 about AF. He still admires the company, he has no Canon background. I would be curious to find out what logic would make him biased toward Canon. It would be useful if you were to address your opinion with concrete experience, evidence etc. Your opinion might have merit, but need specific substantiation. You have absolutely nothing on your profile for some credentials, so you better make a case if you want to be taken seriously.
The lenses I used on the Z6II with are the mm f2. Good number of keepers, a bit below that of the a9II in similar conditions but still very usable. Similar to me D used to deliver. Am I an amateur photographer with several publications on Luminous Landscape, a small but growing Getty Image portfolio. I shoot various types of subjects but my main one is unpublished in the form of children images. So this really works in your favour. Are you sure you know what you are doing?
What AF setting are you in? Use the back AF button so that when you shoot and release you do not need to re-acquire focus. This is the superior AF of the future because you NEVER need to change settings while concentrating on composition and what really makes a difference today, together with eye-everything AF. In sports obviously you also want excellent tracking in between frames.
And it will be doing that quite accurately in for most situations with erratic motion. In regard of the R5 that is also fantastic for wildlife photography because it locks on the animal eye too. This is where I mean that these cameras are excellent for more specialized work. Speaking of Jared. He has a good video of a boy running towards an R5 several times while he takes photos with a slower focusing F1.
It shows just how well these cameras can focus these days. It tends to focus on the eye lash more often than not. The lens I use most is the GM mm f1. I find the Z6II to be quite a bit better on this, to me, super important metric. In terms of accuracy of images in focus the Nikon may be a tiny bit better but I am not sure.
For randomly moving subjects the a9II is better with a higher hit rate, but the Z6II is pretty good too. As good as I remember my D to be.
Never had a problem with eye lock accuracy, sorry for disappointing you on this. He must be confused. Likely resolved by now. Eyelash focus was a problem for all mirrorless cameras with eye detect. Jim Kasson pointed it out first with Sony cameras since they had eye detect before Nikon and Canon. Google shows a number of threads on the topic such as this one.
Of course if you shoot portraits at f5. I shoot mostly dynamic subjects often in low light i. I buy expensive heavy fast glass to shoot wide open, not because it looks cool. I shoot wide open all the time as well. The Sony EyeAF gives me great eyeball focus. A kid running erratically towards the camera and a longer F1. And yet the camera nails perfect focus until the kid is only a few feet from the camera and then out of the frame.
Not just a hobby I have an R5 and it is fantastic. As Jared says, but I will have to whisper it in your hear so bernardlang does not hear us it runs circles around the Z6II in terms of AF. Just to make it clear, DPR states this first: "Autofocus performance and usability has become one of the key areas of difference between the latest mirrorless cameras, and the Z6 II is strong in both respects, but still a little behind the best in its class.
Even in this very article it is more than obvious what you do not seem to accept: The Z6II is a solid performer and surely more than competent for the general use, not quite on par with offerings if you demand best AF. Some of those same people were making cat pic jokes when Sony first announced animal EyeAF as a firmware update a year or two earlier.
I would agree that you need to know what you are doing to fully tap into the AF potential of the Z6II. The R may be more suitable for beginners who are not willing to invest time learning how to master their tool. I get paid for my job and I will take the best tool to get it done. Fiddling with AF setting is one of the best ways to miss the shot.
It might be fine for yours. In this all thread I have been arguing about action, fast paced shooting, if you recall. But you already admitted that this is not your area of expertise, yet you are here arguing like you know better. I do quite a bit of action too. In fact most of the serious photography I have done these past years was action. And I am waiting for evidence that the automated AF of the R6 is significantly superior.
Right above I referenced evidence that even this very article exposes the fact the Z6ii AF is not on pair. It seems like no matter what, you will only see what supports the way things make sense to you. If you ignore Jared's opinion, why would you listen to mine even if I worked out the Z6ii? For years photographers have been raving about how good Nikon 3D tracking was and how that put Nikon AF atop of Canon's.
Which make me question how much experience you have had in practicing and mastering such incredible creative opportunity you decided to ignore simply because it would undermine your owe for this camera. Whatever makes you happy. Don't worry, not much. I have kept the a9II for now. It was clearly superior to the Z6 but the gap with the Z6II now is small enough that I may just sell it. Still hesitating because the Sony is unique in terms of silent shooting capability, but I don't need that very often and it seems like a waste of money to keep such a great camera on a shelf.
I also like the mm f1. Don't get me wrong, its tracking abilities are a bit better than that of the Z6II still. In that case probably you do not need the extra performance the A9II offers. Different cams for different users. If it makes you feel good to think that the gap is only small some some applications so be it. I am still unclear why you think it's important to have an opinion about a camera you have never used yourself What they're saying is that you need to set the AF modes manually where it is automatised on other cameras.
Let's remember that the first versions of the Nikon and Canon got a few updates, it's not impossible that Nikon like the others will keep working on it, and has now a little bit of extra power on the hardware side to use more advanced algorithms and improve the experience. In the end, everyone picks what is making their point, the review is also saying "the AF performance is broadly comparable". Even the First World War had a Christmas truce - I keep getting notified that this un-winnable debate is going on and on and on and on I just love the irony Sounds like a pretty awesome camera.
I'm pretty sure that AF will get even better with future firmware updates, not to mention other possible features that will be included in them. Bulk issue on Z is worse than DSlR.
I have to use battery grip on D8xx series to better balance it with bigger pro zooms. The battery life pales in comparison to the D8xx series. I did a photo shoot over 8 hours, shots. On a Z you be on your 2nd or 3rd battery.
Bernard: What would make me upgrade? Lesser bulk to be paired with 1. Not sure. Those small improvements over the Z 6 end up making this a much better camera overall, especially having that second card slot, so you can use it safely for professional work. Only main issue for me is the battery life. CIPA numbers are very conservative. In real life I got around shots from one charge.
It will probably be not enough for something like a full wedding day, but good enough for more relaxed occasions. I really wish CIPA would stop reporting number of shots for mirrorless camera and instead report number of minutes of battery life. You can reasonably get shots in 90 minutes. I can get shots in 3. And I would argue for a full wedding day you probably need batteries. Per body. There are some new CIPA standards about video capture that manufacturers are reporting more consistently now, so we'll probably add those to reviews in future.
Our experience is that, while CIPA numbers tend not to be comparable between DSLRs and mirrorless cameras, they're still useful when comparing mirrorless with mirrorless.
We try to contextualize the numbers in our text saying it's not uncommon to get twice the listed figure, and then trying to explain a reasonable amount of shooting you can expect. But still. Perhaps instead of saying that you can credit the camera with 30 seconds of power on time between shots and estimate how long the camera can stay powered on.
Mike, i agree however it is very complicated. Minutes doing nothing. Just sitting there. Sensor is active and sending data to the EVF. Monitoring exposure to display a useful view. Continuous autofocus a higher shot count would reduce the battery life but right now the picture count is completely useless.
Aside from comparison from one camera to another. You should actually use the camera in the real world instead of being a key board Einstein troll. If you read my post and had reading comprehension skills you would have understood I said it was used alongside a D so it only saw half use from 3- 10 pm.
Shot half of the family shots and the pre wedding shots and did not run out. If I was doing the whole ceremony with just the Z I would not expect to make it through and would have a back up battery. I have no doubt you can extend the battery life if you turn off the LCD. Set your camera to auto-off after 30 seconds, and use your D as the primary. This is For me, I want my cameras to always be ready. We all know the answer. Could it last a whole wedding?
Definitely not a full formal one. Although I have ordered the grip so I guess I will see. Was I tempted by the R5? Absolutely, but did not feel like taking the hit on all my glass or running two systems.
The files are wonderful for me and what I do. I enjoy the 3 Z lenses I have. My 58 1. Just suggesting there is still a lot of room for improvement on the battery life. I have three back buttons setup with different AF modes so I can pretty much activate any type of AF mode I would need without having to change any setting.
As actually most other media that did a true hands on review is very positive over the new Z6II and Z7ii. Well, mostly negative perhaps, but the conclusion compared to the Canon R6 basically says it delivers the same value for still photography at a significantly cheaper price and with a more relevant range of lenses.
Not sure that this is negative considering that the R6 is described by some as the best camera ever. It's not called the Z6 'Mark II" - Nikon has even said so - however you reference this incorrect name several times in your review. I would like to see a real-life battery life test, rather than CIPA ratings, between camera's where manufacturers are probably cheating with anyway. Whatever "real-life" test you imagine, it will not correspond with how many people shoot, while manufacturers will discover creative ways to game it.
Those two should give a pretty good baseline of performance. CIPA ratings are standard and objective, and that's why they're good. If you know you can take shots when the score is , then you know you can take shots if the score is Everyone takes photos differently, some people take bursts, which means they'll get more shots with the same score, and some people take single shots and spend a lot more time composing each shot, so this means fewer shots for the same score.
Much like IBIS, reviews are the best indicator of battery life, where you get much more information than a simple score.
The score most likely coming from an ancient test system, that does not represent typical shooting scenarios, nor take into account different settings and power saving modes etc. Sony here. Alas, it doesn't give me a emotional Impact, Feeling, like Film. Viltrox have started producing native AF, Z mount lenses, starting with a 85mm f1.
If Sigma and Tamron don't hurry up they will be left behind in producing lenses for the Z mount. Plus you can always use a teckchart AF adaptor to fit your Sony lenses onto a Z body. More important than the number of features or latest technology is the handling and ergonomics of a camera itself. Also you are not buying only the camera, what you will be buying is the system itself. Lenses and lens line-up counts as are the available accessories and support by the manufacturer.
Once you have made your choice, you are locked into that eco-system for years to come. Whatever you will choose you can't really go wrong these days. It is much a matter of personal preference and the 'feel good' factor a system gives you. As rumors are now even as soon as mid Search on "Nikon rumors" and you will probably find it. Looks like a fantastic camera, incredibly well rounded with no real short comings at a very good price. I feel the Z system is about to take off.
The reality is exactly the opposite. Many online sellers are out of stock. And online sales listings are misleading as they often rank a body alone or a body plus memory card or body plus a case as separate listings, whereas combined they would be more representative of sales. In any event, who cares. The Z6ii are being well received and after the initial flurry of negativity from the usual YouTube yahoos desperate for clicks, the reviews have been universally popular. Online rank lists are user based - When I look up most popular cameras I get to see a whole different list than my friend.
If you get to see a lot of low end cameras, then you most probably are not so into cameras or never searched for more expensive cameras. If you are more into high-end cameras, then these cameras are being ranked. And everytime you do it. They often be in a different order too.
If you select to show all digital cameras you will get cheaper cameras on top on amazon because these are selling better than expensive ones. And the lists update Buy Used Small Boats Reviews frequently so you need to keep an eye on it for a longer period of time get the correct overview. But remember, these list are just one part of it. And they match very well with what BCN and other companies that work with aggregated sales statistics reports. And it match well with the companies quarterly reports aswell.
Compare the revenue for the camera divisions of Nikon, Sony and Canon for the latest quarter. Nikon is well behind the other two and it shows thatt cheaper DSLR still make up for a large part of Nikons sales.
We have to wait to next quarterly report to see what impact the latest Z might have had. Their counts ignore the most important camera stores in the country aka Yodobashi and mapcamera for example. But as I said, it is just one of many sources. What you write doesn't seem accurate. To give you just one example, look at Yodobashi's rankings:. Last several days google-translator has glitches on the PhileWeb page.
The Canon R5 and R6, or any of the Sonys with real-time tracking. And to think I've been using that slow old AF Fujifilm X-E1 for 'carefree shooting in fast changing conditions' for ages before getting an X-H1, which also takes carefree shooting situations in stride.
My point Fuji is often panned for its AF not being fast enough. Maybe I should switch to Nikon so as to continue the trend of not buying cameras with fast enough AF :-D. Certainly not the Canon R5 or R6 as you wait for the camera to cool off before resuming your shoot. Slightly OT, but for reviews only, I would love to see a sixth tab for most popular comments posted just since the article's latest update. What a beautiful camera Many photographers have E mount lenses A 85mm f1.
You buy a tool based on your own personal needs, not what other people tells you to buy. If you shoot portraits mainly, yes, AF is one thing to consider. If you shoot landscapes or macro, you don't even need AF sometimes. If you are an all-rounder, the Z6 ii is the best pick, especially if you are an existing nikon user - no need to jump ship. If you don't know what you want to do with a new camera because you are a newbie unsure of what field to specialise in, don't buy a new camera and learn how to use your current one properly first.
I simply shut them up with one simple response. None of the Sonys can even do focus bracketing. If comparing to the R6 it might be a consideration but it costs more too. Personally I think they all have good enough AF. Focus bracketing used to be more useful because cameras missed focus more often and suffered from inaccuracies requiring MicroAF adjustment which can only be so effective. And furthermore, One does buy into a System, which are simple the Lenses.
Just right. The notion that more folks use cameras to take pictures of people than birds is lost on them. Yes it probably does. Anyway I'm not really here to argue if it's correct, my argument is that using BIF capability as the ultimate gauge of AF performance is flawed since it ignores the more common uses of cameras. That was my point about the focus bracketing comment above.
I think as a percentage, people that even know what focus bracketing is, much less have a use for it is very small. And not a big reason for most people with some exceptions of course to disqualify a camera. In addition considerations concerning lack of a motorized F to Z mount adapter for AF-D F mount making old F mount AF-D lenses mainly useless, the mysterious addition of a second processor probably impacting the battery consumption and indicating that Z6 was never ready for the market, just to mention some.
I had the Z6 and got rid of it, it was one of the worst cameras I have ever owned, the worst was Panasonic LX Even A7riii is not supported. Tell me how Z6ii is behind them. In conclusion, dpreview's scoring is fair. You are just spreading misinformation and personal bias. You can complain about about EVF all you want but Sony is the one with a long history of putting crappy EVFs and rear screens on their cameras. Only the A7S3 is an exception. That's why CFE is standard in pro cameras now.
The Sony A7R4 locks up a lot trying to clear buffers during burst fires exactly because it stuck to SD cards and the buffer isn't very big. However, you can continue to enjoy your slow SD cards if you wish.
More boring measurebating non-arguments. And now Gen2 Z-cameras have an option for everyone - so, hurray! If that's terrible, I don't know what to say. Slightly OT, but the Z7 the Z6's big sibling is, in many ways not all ways , the best camera I've ever owned. And the Z7 II looks even better. Certainly a lot of folks bagging on Nikon for not rushing to support those Reagan era screwdriver AF lenses completely. Pretty much anything they made after will work, as that's when they started putting the AF motors into the lenses.
Yes, the screwdriver AF adapter would be awesome, but let's give them enough time to flesh out the Z lens lineup so they can support the new system that began, you know, after Clinton was impeached.. Interesting discussion in this thread.
I am and have been Nikon camera system owner since The larger the disappointment watching while Nikon held back on the FF mirrorless and by that missed out on being in the market for that technology. In addition they took forever to provide replacement for the D, which did not realy ever come. I owned the D and at the same time I also owned a Sony A7i. I was waiting for an update to the D which did not come so I spend the waiting time trying out the Z6, now I have the D and the D The DSLR fits better my needs all taken into account.
I would love to switch but the Z camera does not do it for me Try to look how far the Z6 has developed in 2 years by comparing the DPreview reviews and see how little Nikon has improved on "what we do not like list" from the initial Z6 review.
Still for changing brand I do not see a better alternative camera system either I want Nikon to be best, better than all the rest, they are not there The D replacement has been done twice already. Last model came out just this year. As for the rest, stick to the tools you're comfortable with.
And by all accounts, everything from single slot to unpowered grip to slower tracking AF plus a whole bunch more, seems to have been quite well thought out by Nikon for a "subtle refresh. There was never done a true Nikon D replacement. The D was the smaller less expensive Nikon D3. Nikon D was discontinued in August and the "replacement" cameras were either Nikon D or Nikon D, none of which was a smaller less expensive version of a D4 that was announced January In other words I do choose to believe that professionals were expecting a Nikon D4 back up camera replacing the Nikon D The Nikon D was no such thing, one main reason being that it was a 36 Mpix camera shooting 4 fps.
Nikon D did not replace Nikon D, it was announced in September , two years after Nikon D was discontinued. There was no other number serie free for the Nikon D My view on the Nikon Z camera series is based on actual usage for more than a year and at the same time using Nikon D Several of the Reagan type lenses are still produced and sold as new lenses Still, tells me nothing what problems you had with the camera. The problem with the Nikon Z cameras is that they are just not good enough.
I want a Nikon FF mirrorless camera that is better than the competition, not only on par. I want to see Nikon win this race and Nikon spending two years making subtle updates won't do. Even if it does not offer screw drive for Reagan lenses. Not directed at you specifically tbr63, but in general no matter how awesome a given camera is, it won't be good enough for someone. We're sure a nit-picking crowd around here. I believe people. Depends on how you use it. If you're pushing the auto-detect algorithms to their limits to find the subject for you, Sony and Canon have developed better systems, and the difference is clear.
However, if you're using the camera like you use a DSLR, or are using auto-detect modes for stuff like portraiture or a vlog, you won't really see much of a difference. Does the review say that the dual processors are of no use? There are two points where it explicitly says the AF is better than its predecessor's.
It's primarily the interface, rather than the performance, that falls behind the newest cameras from Canon and Sony. I doubt there's much of a difference between what I've written and what you've seen on YouTube. At most, there's perhaps less incentive to present everything as the best or the worst and more room for nuance, away from YouTube. II version of cameras that were already criticized for exactly the same problem in their Mk.
I version. As if it would be difficult or expensive to figure out how best practice for AF control in , code and implement it. Unbelievable and unacceptable weakness. Similar to Canon who stubbornly refuse to implement an "AI-powered" version of the very best, easiest and most intuitive way to get an AF camera to focus exactly where user wants it, without having to fumble around with joysticks or rubbing touchscreens: Eye Control Focus 2.
Then those engineers were apparently on break when they designed the Z6. I have a Z6, and this is pretty much my only issue with it -- why not just copy the D controls? They got this right the first time. It really is hard to understand. It seems that ever so often some fresh out of school interns are allowed to design certain aspects of user interface. Or Nikon Df. At least compared to my F mount lenses on a D, they are whisper quiet and are as fast as I need them to be.
DPR has to make a comparison point somehow to come up with a rating, but the more important point is that Z lenses work well, they are quiet, and they are reasonably fast. I find this comment interesting because I can't see how the review would put anyone off in terms of autofocus performance or noise.
Most of the negative points made in the review are about the AF interface, not its performance, and even then only in comparison to the very best of its contemporaries. We see negatives and put the majority of our attention on them. AKA red light syndrome. That's a challenge, since it's necessary to mention the negatives I encounter.
I thought I'd done a reasonable job of making clear it's a minor issue as part of an otherwise very positive statement. It's interesting that you say you've not had any problems though. It's just occurred to me that some of the settings I've been using might be making it seem worse for me than it will be for most people in most situations.
I'll check again, just to be sure. Now Z6 ii really feels like a class above and I actually like the AF interface and the option to engage tracking with an additional button I mapped the start of the tracking to Fn1 and is engaged by half pressing the shutter release button. Overall one should not pay too much attention to these small negatives because all cameras in this class are very good and will get the job done. This is much more important. The mm F2. That said, I had the AF to respond pretty quickly, and the chattering was only really noticeable when the camera was making big AF shifts.
Also, I'm in a fairly quiet house, so it's more obvious than it would be in a situation with more background noise. I've amended the phrasing to make clear that it's a risk, rather than an inevitability. Ultimately it shouldn't have much impact since anyone who cares enough about video to notice is likely to use an external mic.
Seems like with the exception of stacked sensor cameras, the AF performance of all top three brands is quite similar now? Also for animal AF modes I assume? It depends on the animal. I think only Canon can track bird, fish, and other non-mammal eyes, Olympus has a camera that tracks birds, but not the eye IIRC.
Performance it getting very similar between the top three brands. At this point the bigger difference is how much you need to think about button presses and mode changing to match your subject.
My opinion is that the Nikon produces the best images with regard to sharpness, noise levels, tonality and freedom from moire. There are of course many other aspects to consider when choosing between these models, but if image quality was the number one priority, I'd choose the Nikon. Ric - Good question. I don't know what lenses were used for the studio scenes that I referred to, but yes, the sharpness of the lens is what is primarily the source of sharpness in the RAWs.
However, the design of the sensor and its micro-lenses, and the processing algorithms and anti-aliasing filters, if they are present can affect sharpness quite significantly, and can contribute to light-bleed, which produces an illusion of a softer image. Magnar - Yes it's true that sharpness isn't the primary consideration for most people, as modern lenses and sensors are so good that only test charts can illustrate their differences.
But there is more to IQ than sharpness and tonality - note that I also referred to noise, and freedom from moire, which are two areas where sensor IQ can produce significant and noticeable differences between the output of different brands and models. Personally, given that sharpness from all brands is so high, the factors that would influence but not dictate my choice would be noise levels at highish ISO hence I compared at , dynamic range, and moire control.
Equally important to me would be colour and bokeh, although of course neither of these can be judged from a studio comparison scene. There are also advanced solutions available, like multi exposure and merging files. There are many techniques to avoid or reduce moire when taking the pictures, and moire can also be reduced at post processing.
When you know your camera, you can also avoid the pitfalls. I would say that good camera technique is much more important than camera brand for handling issues like this. When putting processed photographs in context showing or publishing your work , camera brand does not matter, unless there are limitations with the camera that hinder you from doing the work, like slow autofocus when doing action shooting. But then, just pick the tool that fill your needs. Nitpicking on detail is most for geeks, for those who want to compare cameras and want their brand or camera model to be the best.
Then small variations are blown out of proportion, and lifted like the differences really matter. Magnar - I don't agree. Moire can be a major problem with lowish resolution sensors, especially for images involving fabrics, roof tiles, feathers etc. Sure, it can be rectified to some degree in post, but that usually results in loss of detail. Why use a sensor that is badly affected, if there is an alternative available that cuts out the post-processing? It doesn't make sense.
Yes, of course the key is in getting the "correct" exposure, but if you have a sensor that is less prone to noise, and has good dynamic range, it provides greater ability to bring out detail in shadows and highlights without compromising IQ. But it won't work with wildlife, sport or any other genre that involves moving subjects.
Quite obviously good technique is the best starting point. No amount of camera wizardry will correct poor photography. Choice of camera needs to include factors such as ergonomics, performance , durability, value, lens choice, fps, AF etc. But no one wants to spend unnecessary hours correcting issues in post, if they can be eliminated by careful product choice.
No one who are working at more than the basic level will buy a camera that doesn't fit the kind of work they are doing. Magnar - I agree in principal, but there are significant differences in noise levels, moire and DR between different brands and models, so if those aspects of IQ are important to a photographer, it makes sense to include them in the criteria by which they judge a camera. The point is that if all other aspects of a camera meet your criteria, but there are discrepancies in sensor performance, it simply makes sense to choose the camera with the best sensor and RAW output.
The S5 is a "2,6k USD" camera though. The R6 is more expensive. The original Z6 is relatively sympathetically priced. Chris and Jordan have been shooting with the Z6 II for a little while up in the frozen wastes of Alberta. Watch their video review to find out how they got on.
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A recent Japanese patent application from Canon shows the company has developed optical designs for three potential F2. The new devices vary in camera specs, with the flagship X60 Pro Plus sporting four Zeiss-branded rear cameras. Thinking about getting your feet and film wet with home development? Our complete guide originally published last year, at the start of the Covid lockdown � has everything you need to know to get started.
Sigma's fp L is one of the most compact full-frame cameras on the market, and its new optional electronic viewfinder adds to its versatility. But how does it handle? Find out right here. Xiaomi has announced, via a collection of teasers, that its forthcoming Mi Mix smartphone will feature a liquid lens, capable of offering multiple focal lengths in a single camera module. Submit a News Tip! Reading mode: Light Dark. Login Register. Best cameras and lenses. Now reading: Nikon Z6 II review comments.
Tags: review , instagram-feature , nikon , nikon-z6ii-z7ii-launch. Prev page. Support DPReview. Shop with. Nikon Z6 II. View Comments Comments All Mateus1 I can't understand why new Z6 II with 2 processors is not able record 4K60p 10bit internally and with 4K60p 8 bit it's cropped 1,5x! Richard Butler It's the sensor that limits the camera to a 1. Mateus1 Thank you for the answer. Determine: a. The distance between the points. The distance between the building and the nearest point.
The distance between the building and the farthest 9. Solve for x: casts a shadow 9. Find the length of the pole.
Find the largest angle. Find the side of the ANS. The opposite side of angle B is meters. Using trigonometric function and not using calculator, find Tan ANS. A right circular conical vessel is constructed to have a volume ANS. Find the diameter and the depth of the depth is to be 1. Give the answers in meters. If the diameter AD of the semi-circle is 2.
Find the area of the triangle. Hint: ANS. Two ships started sailing from the same point. After 3 hours, how far apart are the 3. A hollow sphere with an outer radius of 32cm is made of a ships? The weight of the sphere ANS. Find the inner radius. A circular cylindrical tank, axis horizontal, diameter 1 meter, 8. Find the area of the circle shown: and length 2 meters, is filled with water to a depth of 0.
How much water is in the tank? A machine foundation has the shape of a frustrum of a pyramid with lower base 6mx2m, upper base 5. Find the volume of the foundation. The total height of the tank is 5 meters. Water is pumped into the tank at ANS. How long will it take to full fill the tank starting from empty?
Find the area of the shaded portion: 1. A straight line passes through 2,2 such that the length of the line segment intercepted between the coordinate axes is equal to the square root of 5. Find the equation of the straight line. Find the equation of the circle with center at 2,-3 and radius of 4.
A cable supporting a pipeline has a span of feet. The 2. If tangents to the graph have slope of 9. A rectangular field to contain a given area is to be fenced off ANS. If no fencing is needed along the river, show that the least amount of fencing will be required when the 6.
Find the area of an ellipse whose equation is length of the field is twice its width. Find the shape of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a 7. It passes through points given circle. Square specific equation of the given curve. Divide the number 60 into two parts so that the product P of one part and the square of the other is a maximum. Find the volume of the solid which is formed by revolving the ANS.
When a load is uniformly distributed horizontally, a suspension 7. A square sheet of galvanized iron, cm x cm will be bridge cable hangs in parabolic arc. If the bridge is m long used in making an open-top container by cutting a small square and the towers 40m high and the cable is 15m above the floor from each corner and bending up the sides. Determine how of the bridge at the mid-point, find the equation of the parabola large the square should be cut from each corner in order to using mid-point of the bridge as origin.
The sum of two positive numbers is What are the numbers if their product is to be the largest possible? Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the ellipse ANS. A bus company charges P Two posts, one 8 meters high and the other 12 meters high, Baguio for or less passengers. For group tours, the stand 15 meters apart. They are to be stayed by wires attached company allows for P0. How many passengers will give the of the posts.
How far from the shorter post should the stake be maximum income? A tinsmith wishes to make a gutter of maximum cross-section A cylindrical glass jar has a metal top. If the metal costs three carrying capacity whose bottom and sides are each 6 inches times as much as the glass per unit area, find the proportions of wide and whose sides have the same slope.
What will be the the least costly jar that holds a given amount. The parcel post regulations limit the size of a package to such a A lot is in the shape of a quadrant of a circle of radius size that the length plus the girth equals 6 feet.
Determine the meters. Find the area of the largest rectangular building that dimensions and the volume of the largest cylindrical package can be constructed inside the lot. The cost of setting up a geothermal plant is P10M for the first The material for the sides costs other expenses Land rights, design fee, etc. P per square meter and for the ends P per square meter. A boat is towed toward a pier which is 20 feet above the water.
How fast is the boat If the fuel cost to run a boat is proportional to the square of her approaching the base of the pier when 25 feet of rope remain to speed and is P A water tank is in the form of a right circular cone with vertex ANS.
How fast is the The strength of a rectangular beam is proportional to the surface of the water in the tank rising when the water is 5 feet breadth and the square of the depth. Find the dimensions of the deep? A helicopter is rising vertically from the ground at a constant 2. An ellipsoidal tank measuring 6 ft by 12 ft has its axis vertical, rate of 25 ft per second.
When it is feet of the ground, a the axis of rotation being the major axis. It is filled with water jeep passed beneath the helicopter traveling in a straight line at to a depth of 7 feet. Find the amount of water in the tank. Determine how fast is ANS. Work with the part of the volume lying in the first An elevated light rail transit on a track 4. Since the curve of the intersection lie on the cylinder, it ground crosses a street station at 6. How ANS. A plane flying north at km per hour passes over a certain ANS.
If the planes 5. An open cylindrical tank 3 feet in diameter and 4. It is then tilted until one-half of its bottom is at PM? How many gallons of water was spilled out? The height of a cylindrical cone is measured to be four 4 6. The parabolic reflector of an automobile headlight is 12 inches meters which is equal to its radius with a possible error of 0. What is the surface area in Determine the percentage error in computing the volume.
A cistern in the form of an inverted right circular cone is 20 one pair, plus one-third the product of another pair, plus one- meters deep and 12 meters diameter at the top. If the kilojoules fourth the product of the third pair may seem to be a maximum in pumping out the water to a height of 10 meters above the top value. Clue: use partial differentiation of the cistern. A flour bag originally weighing 60 kilograms is lifted through 6. While the bag is being lifted, of brine wherein lbs of salt are dissolved.
If the amount of salt in the tank at the end of minutes. A body weighing kilos is suspended by a cable 20 meters 1. Solve the differential equation long and pulled 5 meters to one side by a horizontal force.
The rate of population growth of a country is proportional to 2. The arm ABC, weighing 60 kg per meter carries a load of 15kg the number of inhabitants. Compute the population 20 years from now? In drying copra by a certain process, the moisture is removed at a rate proportional to the actual moisture present. Find the minimum force P required to roll the kg wheel 5. The coefficient of P static friction is 0. Prevent the block from sliding down the plane. A steam pipe weighing kg per meter will cross a road by suspension on a cable anchored between supports 6 meters 4.
A force P on top of the 30 kg block as shown in the figure. If apart. The maximum allowable sag of the cable is 50cm. Calculate the tension in the cable 0. Calculate the length o the cable. A parabolic cable has a span of feet. The difference in 50cm elevation of the supports is 10 feet and the lowest point of the A 30kg B cable is5 feet below the lower support. If the load supported by the cable is 12 lbs per horizontal foot, find the maximum 25cm tension in the cable. A tripod whose legs are each 4 meters long supports of horizontal.
The angle of static friction between the body and kilograms. The feet of the tripod are vertices of a horizontal the plane is 15 degrees.
What horizontal force P is necessary to equilateral triangle whose side is 3. Determine the hold the body from sliding down the plane? The coefficient of friction Two cars A and b accelerate from a stationary start. If B was a. Just prevent the crate from sliding down the inclined originally 20 feet behind A, how long will it take B to overtake ramp.
Start the crate moving up the ramp. In how may seconds will B overtake A? How far will each car have traveled before coming ANS. If the bomb hits the ground in 20 seconds, calculate: In a 25 storey office building, the elevator starting from rest at a. The vertical height of the bomber when it released the first floor, is accelerated at 0. The horizontal distance traveled by the bomb before it stopped in 3 seconds with constant deceleration.
If the floors hit the ground, in meters. The vertical velocity of the bomb as it hit the ground, in ANS. A stone is dropped from a cliff into the ocean. The sound of the ANS.
The velocity of sound is 1, fps. How A flywheel starting from rest develops a speed of RPM in high is the cliff? What is the angular acceleration? How many revolutions did the flywheel make in 30 Water drips from a faucet at the rate of 8 drops per second.
The seconds it took to attain RPM? When one drop strikes the sink, how far is the next drop above the sink? Bombs from a plane drop at a rate of one 1 per second. If the slight melting of the ice renders Calculate the vertical distance between two 2 bombs after the the surfaces frictionless, calculate the velocity at the foot of the first had dropped for 7 seconds. Assume freely falling body incline. A body weighing kg is being dragged along a rough 4. A tank with its content weighs kg.
It will be supported by horizontal plane by a force of 45 kg. Calculate the diameter of each post in meters? What constant thrust drawbar pull parallel to the ANS. A steel wire 20 feet long, hanging vertically supports a load of ANS. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20, psi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.
A reactor weighing 1, metric tons is placed on a 10 sq. A copper-rolled wire 10 meters long and 1. A spherical tank is supported by four steel pipes each having ANS. Determine the maximum thickness of metal plate in which a maximum weight of tank, in KN, can be supported? A single bolt is used to lap join two steel bars together. Tensile ANS. Determine the diameter of the bolt if the allowable shearing stress in it is 10, psi.
A rectangular beam with a span of 20 feet is simply supported 3. The amount of P52, was deposited in a fund earning at both ends. If the beam is to be leaded at mid- ANS. An engineering student borrowed P5, He promised to repay the loan How stress is 6, psi?
A cantilever beam 3 meters long by 30centimeters depth by 10 5. A savings and loan association requires that loans be repaid by centimeters breadth has a single 45 kg load art the unsupported uniform monthly payments which include monthly interest end.
If P5, a. Draw the shear and moment diagram is borrowed to be repaid in 10 years, what must be the monthly b. Determine the maximum moment payment? Determine the maximum flexural stress ANS. A young engineer buys a television set from a merchant who 7. A man will buy a house and lot worth P, The subdivision in Metro Manila. His year-end installments is engineer wishes to pay immediately and the merchant offers to P34, What is the cash price today?
Five years ago you paid P, for a house and lot. If you 8. Prove you answer by the mathematical solution. A firm plans to market a new minicomputer that will sell for The direct labor cost and material cost of a certain product are P, Fixed charges are balance to be settled by equal monthly payments for 5 years. If the product is sold at P per unit, how many units monthly payment? A P10, The agreement cost of P per unit, material cost of P per unit, fixed provides for paying of the mortgage in a lump sum at any time charges of P, per month and variable cost of P per with an amount equal to the unpaid balance including interest.
The net selling price of each stove is P1, , wholesale. What single amount have to be paid to discharge the mortgage Determine the monthly break even sales volume in pesos.
P7, A total of P62, is donated by a wealthy man to provide an A manufacturing firm has just installed standby power annual scholarship to deserving students. It is proposed that an generating unit at a first cost of P, The projected annual grant of P10, will be drawn from this fund. How many years from today should be the of first cost. Determine the following: scholarship grant given so that the scholarship will last a. Annual depreciation charges using straight line method forever?
Annual depreciation charges using sinking fund method ANS. You purchased a P5, bond for P5, The bond pays P ANS. P24, b. P8, It is redeemable for P5, after 10 years. What is the net rate of interest on your investment? A machine which cost P10, If the scrap value was P Total depreciation at the end of the 5th year. How much should the man be b.
Book value at the end of the 5th year. An air compressor has been purchased at a cost of P18, A manufacturing company is faced with the choice of repairing The compressor will be retired at the end of 5 years, at which an old machine at a cost of P12, or replaces it with a new time it is expected to have a salvage value of P2, based on one at P50, It is estimated that the repaired machine will current prices.
The compressor will then be replaced with an last for 5 years after which replacement will be necessary. The firm plans to establish a reserve fund to Present salvage value of the old machine is P10, and its accumulate the capital needed to replace the compressor. If an salvage value after 5 years will be P5, It is estimated that average annual rate of inflation of 3 percent is anticipated, how the new machine will last for 20 years and will have a salvage much capital must be accumulated?
The yearly maintenance of the new machine ANS. P18, will be P less than the old. Use uniform annual cost. In the manufacture of a certain product, two processes are ANS. Process B will produce 87 units of the finished product per P worth of raw materials A contain heat exchanger costs P30, installed and has an and will cost P0.
If the estimated life of 6 years. By the addition of certain auxiliary selling price per unit of the finished product is P2. Process B the estimated life of the heat exchanger can be doubled. A chemical plant needs a generating set. The engineering staff for the auxiliary equipment? A boiler installed where the atmospheric pressure is mm Salvage Value 30, 5, Hg has a pressure of 12 kg per sq cm.
What is the absolute Useful life, years 12 8 pressure in MPa? Show your computations with the itemized cost. An oil storage tank contains oil specific gravity of 0. What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ANS.
What is the absolute pressure in KPa? A boiler feed pump delivers , kg of water per hour at 3. What is the ANS. Express in KPa? The radiator of a heating system was filled with dry and ANS. As a result of heat transfer to the room, 4. What percentage of steam has ANS. A throttling calorimeter receives a sample of steam from a ANS. What is the quality of steam in 6. What is the temperature difference in ANS. Steam at 2. If the process occurs 7.
The velocity leaving the nozzle b. The exit area of the nozzle 8. Determine the specific volume, enthalpy and entropy of water or steam in the given states: ANS. What d. Determine the quality if saturated or temperature if superheated of steam in the given states: a.
If the steam flow rate is , c. The enthalpy after expansion b. The turbine power ANS. An air compressor delivers air to an air receiver having a 7. Circle � a closed plane curve every point of which is equally volume of 2 m3. After 5 minutes, 8. What is the capacity of the compressor in 9. Diagonal � a line joining any two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon At the suction of an air compressor, in which the conditions are Hypotenuse � the side opposite the right triangle of a right What is the triangle.
Isosceles triangle � a triangle which has two equal sides. Locus � a figure containing all the points, and only those points, which fulfill a given requirement Polygon � a closed plane figure bounded by straight lines 1.
Axiom � a statement accepted as true Triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, etc Postulate � a statement assumed to be true, as a basis for Quadrilateral � a polygon with four sides square, rectangle, argument parallelogram, trapezoid Hypothesis � an unapproved theory tentatively accepted to Rectangle � a parallelogram whose angles are right angles explain certain facts Regular Polygon � a polygon all of whose angles are equal and Theorem � a proposition that can be proven from accepted all of whose sides are equal premises Rhomboid � a parallelogram with oblique angles and only the Corollary � a proposition that follows from one already proved opposite sides equal Rhombus � an equilateral parallelogram, 2.
Altitude of a Triangle � a perpendicular from any vertex of a Similar Polygons � polygons whose corresponding angles are triangle to the side opposite equal and whose corresponding sides are proportional 3. Angle � the opening between two straight lines drawn from the Apothem � the radius of the inscribed circle of a polygon Tangent � a straight line which meets a curve only at one point 5.
Area � the number of unit squares of a plane figure. Trapezoid � a quadrilateral two and only two of whose sides 6. Center of Polygon � the common center of the inscribed and are parallel circumscribed circles of a regular polygon Vertical Angles � opposite angles of two intersecting lines Two points each equally distant from the extremities of a line 1. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal: determines the perpendicular bisector of the line.
Alternate interior angles are equal b. Exterior-interior angles are equal c. The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side, and their difference is less than the third side. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angles opposite are unequal, and the greater angle is opposite the greater side; and conversely.
If tow sides of a triangle are equal an isosceles triangle , the 2. If a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, it is angles opposite these sides are equal; and conversely. The bisectors of the angles of the angles of a triangle meet at a point which is the center of the inscribed circle. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle meet at a point which is the center of the circumscribed circle. The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point which is two-thirds of the distance from any vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one are equal, respectively, to two angles and the included 3. Any point in the perpendicular bisector of a line is equally side of the other.
Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle perpendicular bisector of the line of one are equal, respectively, to two sides and the included angle of the other. Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one are equal, respectively, to the three sides of the other. Theorem of Pythagoras: In any right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Two right angles are equal if a side and the hypotenuse of one are equal, respectively, to a side and the hypotenuse of the other.
Two right triangles are equal if the hypotenuse and an adjacent POLYGONS angle of one are equal, respectively, to the hypotenuse and an adjacent angle of the other. Corresponding parts of congruent figures are equal. Two triangles are similar if the angles of one are respectively 1. Through three points not in a straight line one circle and only equal to the angles of the other; or if two angles of one are one can be drawn.
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point 2. Two triangles are similar if their sides are in the same ratio. Two triangles are similar if their sides are respectively parallel 3. The tangents to a circle drawn from an external point are equal, each to each. Two triangles are similar if their sides are respectively center. An inscribed angle is measured by one-half the intercepted arc.
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. If two chords intersect in a circle, the product of the segments of one is equal to the product of the segments of the other. The circumference of two circles are in the same ratio as their radii, and the arcs of two circles subtended by equal central angles are in the same ratio as their radii. Coke, wood, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shells a SG at Higher heating value gross calorific value � the Properties of Fuels and Lubricants: heating value obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the liquid state.
Analysis of composition: b. Lower heating value net calorific value � the heating a. Proximate analysis � analysis of the composition of fuel value obtained when the water in the products of which gives, on mass basis, the relative amounts of combustion is in the vapor state. Instruments used in measuring heating value of fuels: b. Ultimate chemical analysis � analysis of the a. Oxygen bomb calorimeter: for solid and liquid fuels composition of fuel which gives, on mass basis, the b.
Gas calorimeter: for gaseous fuels relative amounts of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Ash and Moisture Calculating heating value by formulas: a. Water Tube Tubulous Boiler � type of boiler in which the 9. Thermal Eff. Fire Tube Tubular Boiler � type of boiler in which the hot gases pass inside the tubes while the water is outside the tubes.
Net Boiler eff. Ideal P-V Diagram Steam cut-off through which the steam is released in case of excessive P temperature which is usually caused by low water level Baffles � direct the flow of the hot gases to effect efficient heat transfer between the hot gases and the heated water Furnace � encloses the combustion equipment so that the heat generated will be utilized effectively Soot Blower � device which uses steam or compresses air to remove the soot that has accumulated in the boiler tubes and drums V Draft Fans forced draft and induced draft fans � supply air VD needed for combustion and create the draft required for the flow of gases in the boiler Blowdown Valve � valve through which the impurities that settle in the mud drum are removed 2.
Thermal Efficiency a. Power 2. Power 4. Engine Efficiency of Turbine a. Output ms h1 � h2 Cooling Water 7. Surface Condenser - type of condenser in which the steam and cooling water do not mix; commonly used design is the shell-and-tube. By heat balance: 2. Magma � molten metal within the earth which is basically nickel-iron in composition whose stored energy heats the surrounding water thereby producing steam or hot water.
Well-bore product � the effluent coming out from the geothermal well as produced after drilling. This can be purely 3. Geothermal Plant 3. Steam-dominated geothermal field � refers to a geothermal plant with its well producing all steam, as the well-bore product.
Liquid-dominated geothermal field � the well-bore product for this type of field is practically all hot water pressurized. Sources of geothermal energy: a. Hot spring b. Steam vent c. Geyser 6. Fumarole � a crack in the earth through which geothermal substance passes. Pressurized Water Reactor PWR Control Rods � Boron-coated steel rods used to control the This type of reactor uses high pressure light or heavy water reactor as both moderator and coolant.
This is the type which is constructed in Morong, Bataan with capacity of MW Reflector � made of lead or carbon which surrounds the core to and intended to supply power to the Luzon area. In bounce back any leakage of neutrons the Philippine government decided to stop the completion of the plant because of the controversy regarding its safety Thermal Shield � prevents escape of radiation from reactor and economic features. The feedwater from the power turbine goes directly into the reactor and Biological Shield � concrete or lead which absorbs any leakage picks up the heat from the fuel core.
Thus the feedwater of radiation and protects operators from exposure to also serves as the coolant. The first experimental reactor radioactivity installed in Diliman, Quezon City is of this type. It has a capacity of 1 MW. Control Cubicle � contains the meters that show the operating quantities in the reactor 3. Gas-Cooled Power Reactor GCPR Coolants � absorbs the heat from the fuel core and then release The gas coolant used in this type of reactor is carbon the heat to the water in the steam generator dioxide.
Nuclear power plants in the Philippines: Coolant Pump � circulates the coolant 1. Brake Power c. Output kw-hr the torque; Tachometer measures the speed Power kw-hr b. Output kw-hr effective pressure, kPa Generator Speed 7. Thermal Efficiency Exhaust Loss���������.
Power Friction, Radiation, Etc�����. Specific Fuel Consumption 1. Engine-driven compressor a. Exhaust-driven compressor turbo-charger Ind. Power kw-hr 3. Separately-driven compressor b. Intake and Exhaust System: Air filter, intake pipe, exhaust pipe, silencer 5. Low fuel cost 2. High Efficiency 3. Needs no large water supply 4. No long warm-up period 5. Impulse Pelton Turbine Tailrace � a channel which leads the water from the turbine to the tailwater Tailwater � the water that is discharged from the turbine 2.
Reaction turbine a. Propeller Kaplan Turbine Pumped Storage Plant is a hydro-electric plant which involves the use of off-peak energy to store water and to use the stored water to generate extra energy to cope with the peak load. Specific speed of hydraulic turbine: 7. Specific Speed Vs. Dutch sail type 5. A basin is required to catch the sea water during high tide Types of Solar Collectors: while the water drives a turbine.
During low tide, the water in the 1. Flat Rate basin discharges back to the sea while driving the turbine. Concentrating 3. Focusing Low Thermal Head Plant Low thermal head plant, otherwise known as Ocean Thermal Photovoltaic Cell � a device which converts solar energy to energy Conversion, makes use of the temperature difference between electric energy the ocean surface water and the water at the sea bottom.
Thermoinic Converter Thermoinic converter is a device which converts heat energy directly to electrical energy. Knowing the weight of the machine, WM, determine the Functions of Machine Foundation: required weight of the foundation, WF, by any of the following methods: 1. To support the weight of the machine, and to distribute the a.
To absorb the vibrations produced by the machine. Volume of foundation can be computed based on HP Grouting � process of filing a small clearance between machine and of the engine, Table 2. Weight of foundation can be computed based on the hardening mixture.
HP of the engine, Morse, Table , p. The safe bearing capacity is computed using a factor of safety of 5. To dispose the exhaust gases at suitable height so that no 2 bL pollution will occur in the vicinity.
Stack � name given to steel chimney 4. Finalize the design; make adjustments in the dimensions if necessary provided the required volume is maintained and without reducing the required base area. Other data and information: 7. Use Class A mixture, that is, I part cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts stone. Examples: condenser, superheater, evaporator, economizer, etc.
Rotary Compressor medium pressure, low capacity 1. Centrifugal Compressor low pressure, high capacity 1. Compressor Work Power a. No pressure drop in intercooler 2. Perfect intercooling 3. Rotary Pump low discharge, low head, used for pumping viscous liquids like oil a. Gear Pump b. Screw Pump c. Vane Pump 4. Turbine Pump for pumping water with high suction lift; for pumping condensate Basic Classification of Pumps 1. Reciprocating Pump 5. Jet Pump Injector low discharge, high head, low speed, self-priming for pumping boiler feedwater; used as accessory of centrifugal pump 2.
If piston rod considered: b. Same Pump: 3. Shallow Well Pump Ordinary centrifugal pump, for suction lift up to 25 feet 1. Similar Pumps: a. Turbine Pump multi-stage pump, for suction lift up to ft Cavitation; NPSH Cavitation � the formation of cavities of water vapor in the suction side of a pump due to allow suction pressure Causes of Cavitation: 1.
Variable Speed constant fan size, constant density 2. Ice Refrigeration 2. Mechanical Refrigeration 3. Absorption Refrigeration 4. Steam Jet Refrigeration 5. Refrigeration System with Two-Stage Compressor 3. Reciprocating Compressor 2. Centrifugal Compressor 3. Rotary Compressor a. Vane Type b. Screw Type Classification of refrigeration compressors, based on enclosure: 1. Open-type compressor - compressor whose crankshaft extends through the compressor housing so that a motor can be externally coupled to the shaft 2.
Air-cooled a. Bare tube Expansion Devices b. Finned tube Functions of the expansion device: 2. Water-cooled 1. Shell-and-tube condenser in order to attain low temperature b. Shell-and-coil 2. Capillary Tube Inside Dia. Expansion Valves a. Gate Valve b. Constant Pressure Expansion Valve c. Thermostatic Expansion Valve d. Thermostatic Expansion Valve with External Equalizer e. Halocarbon Refrigerants: 8.
Inorganic Refrigerants: Azeotropes: c. Without freezing: 3. With Freezing: 2. Cooling and dehumidifying coils of a refrigerating system 2. Water chiller If recirculated air and outside air separately enter the conditioner: 3.
Process flow diagram: indicates only the processes involved, drawn in block diagrams b. Equipment flow diagram: shows the various equipment used in the processing c. Equipment-process flow diagram: combines the equipment and processes in the diagram Some Industries in the Philippines: 1. Sugar Manufacture Raw and refined Sugar 2. Cement Manufacture Wet and Dry Process 3. Rice and Corn Milling 4.
Plywood Manufacture 6. Glass Manufacture A. Beer Manufacture 8. Copper Manufacture Three methods of drying system based on heat transfer: 9.
Steel Manufacture 1. Direct or convection drying Coconut Oil Milling 2. Indirect Drying Fertilizer Manufacture 3. Infrared or radiant heat drying Flour Milling Types of Dryers, based on movement of materials: 1. Continuous dryer 2. Rotary Dryer 3. Hearth Dryer - most commonly used dryer which consists of a - Type of dryer in which the material to be dried is rotating cylinder inside which the materials flow supported on a floor through which the hot gases while getting in contact with the hot gases; the pass; used for copra, coal, enamel wares.
Centrifugal Dryer - Consists of centrifuge revolving at high speeds causing the separation, by centrifugal force, of water from the material; used for drying fertilizer, salt, sugar. Tray Dryer - Consists of trays, carrying the materials to be dried, placed in a compartment or moving conveyor; used for ipil-ipil leaves, grains. Infrared Ray Dryer - Consists of infrared lamps in which the rays are 2. Tower Dryer directed to the articles to be dried; used for drying - Consists of a vertical shaft in which the wet feed is painted articles like cars.
Three Principal Types of Evaporator according to construction: 1. Horizontal tube evaporator � consists of vertical cylindrical body; two rectangular steam chests in the lower section contain tube sheet; primarily suitable for non-viscous liquids that do not deposit salt or scale during evaporation. Standard vertical tube evaporator � consists of vertical 4.
Flight conveyor copra, coal, grains cylindrical shell with flat, dished or conical bottom; 5. Bucket conveyor copra, coal, grains most widely used type; can be used for liquids that 6. Pnematic conveyor grains, linen, match sticks deposit salt or scale during evaporation.
Long-tube, natural-circulation vertical evaporator � consists of long tubes so that the liquor passes through D. GRAINS the evaporator but once; used with non-salting or non- scaling liquids; can be used with high-viscosities; one Common Types of cranes and their applications: of the cheapest types.
Overhead traveling bridge crane maintenance shops, ice plant Multiple Effect Evaporator � series of evaporators so 2. Derrick crane loading in ships, handling materials in connected that the vapor from one body is used as the heating piers steam in the next. Jib Crane construction work, maintenance shops 4. Gantry crane mining, piers Types of multiple effect multi-stage evaporator: 5. Pillar crane maintenance shops, piers E. Crucible furnace � suitable for non-ferrous metals; the metal is melted inside a crucible heated by an oil-fired burner 2.
Cupola furnace � for melting iron; the heat comes from coke burning inside the cupola itself 3. Induction furnace � for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, uses electric current for melting the scraps or ingots Methods of Casting Used in Foundry: C.
Sand casting 2. Pressure die casting Common types of conveyors and the materials suitable for 3. Metal Mold casting each: 4. Centrifugal casting 1. Flat belt conveyor coal, copra, packages 5. Plaster mold casting 2.
Troughed belt conveyor coal, copra, ores 3. The flue gases is at atmospheric pressure. The plant consumes liters of diesel fuel at Determine: 1. A steam generator burns fuel oil with 20 percent excess air.
Calculate: The fuel oil may be represented by C14H Calculate the 1. Annual load factor theoretical and actual air-fuel ratio. Annual plant capacity factor ANS. Annual plant use factor 4.
Gross fuel economy in kw-hrs per liter of fuel 3. A power plant is said to have a use of factor of How many hours did it operate Sailing Doodles Boat Cost c.
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