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Starting from micro-organisms and bacteria, lichens to banyan trees elephants and blue whales. This entire Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Geography Chapter 6 Year habitat that we live in has immense biodiversity. We humans along with all living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which we are only a part and very much dependent on this system for our own existence. For example, the plants animals and micro-organisms re-create the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive and this dependence on other known as Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Geography Chapter 7 Year biodiversity.
You may have realised the importance of these resources in our daily life. These diverse flora and fauna are so well integrated in our daily life that we take these for granted. But, lately, they are under great stress mainly due to insensitivity to our environment. The dimensions of deforestation in India are staggering. The forest and tree cover in the country is estimated at According to the State of Forest; Report , the dense forest cover has increased by 3, square km since However, this apparent increase in the forest cover is due to conservation measures management interventions and plantation, etc.
Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, Sal, pine, rodents, etc. Download Offline Apps free to use without internet. These are species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate.
The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai brow anter deer in Manipur , etc. These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. The examples of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc. Species with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate.
The examples of such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill, etc. These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers.
Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh. These are species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck. The cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. Its distinguishing marks are the long teardrop- shaped lines on each side of the nose from the corner of its eyes to its mouth.
Prior to the 20th century, cheetahs were widely distributed throughout Africa and Asia. Today, the Asian cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of available habitat and prey. The species was declared extinct in India long back in If you look around, you will be able to find out how we have transformed nature into a resource obtaining directly and indirectly from the forests and wildlife � wood, barks leave, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder, manure, etc.
So it is we ourselves who have depleted our forests and wildlife. The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was during the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities. Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources.
Since , over 5, sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects. Clearing of forests is still continuing with projects like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40, hectares of forest. Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian elephant. Many foresters and environmentalists hold the view that the greatest degrading factors behind the depletion of forest resources are grazing and fuel-wood collection.
Though, there may be some substance in their argument, yet, the fact remains that a substantial part of the fuel-fodder demand is met by lopping rather than by felling entire trees. These protected areas, thus mean different things to different people, and therein lies the fertile ground for conflicts. The species is under great threat due to over-exploitation.
In the last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. If someone is facing any problem, please contact us to resolve it. Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.
Over-population in third world countries is often cited as the cause of environmental degradation. However, an average American consumes 40 times more resources than an average Somalian. Similarly, the richest five per cent of Indian society probably cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 per cent. The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity.
Such losses have increasingly marginalised and impoverished many indigenous and other forest-dependent communities, who directly depend on various components of the forest and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality, etc.
Within the poor, women are affected more than men. In many societies, women bear the major responsibility of collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs.
As these resources are depleted, the drudgery of women increases and sometimes they have to walk for more than 10 km to collect these resources. This causes serious health problems for women and negligence of home and children because of the increased hours of work, which often has serious social implications.
Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems � water, air and soil. It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture we are still dependent on traditional crop varieties. Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in , with various provisions for protecting habitats.
An all- India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.
The tiger, the one- horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles � fresh water crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others. Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck chinkara , the great Indian bustard godawan and the snow leopard, etc. There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures.
Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning. In the notification under Wildlife Act of and , several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species. In , for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species. In India, much of its forest and wildlife resources are either owned or managed by the government through the Forest Department or other government departments.
These are classified under the following categories. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
This forest land is protected from any further depletion. Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce, and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, constituting 75 per cent of its total forest area. All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests managed by local communities.
In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials, recognising that only this will secure their own long-term livelihood. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.
Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves the forests of God and Goddesses. These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned. Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its own set of traditional methods of conserving nature and its creations.
Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and animals which are closely protected. You will find troops of macaques and langurs around many temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck, chinkara , nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.
To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck, chinkara , nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas as described successfully resisted deforestation. In India joint forest management JFM programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
The programme has been in formal existence since when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management. JFM depends on the formation of local village institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. Feel free to contact us. We are here to help you with any charge.
These important questions cover the entire chapter 2 of class 10 Geography. It provides the complete revision for chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources. Ask your doubts and share your knowledge through Discussion Forum. What do you understand by the biodiversity or biological diversity? Discuss about the flora and fauna found in India? What is the role of Vanishing Forests? Discuss about Normal species? What is Endangered species?
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