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The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Louis , Missouri. The river drains a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than , square miles 1,, km 2 , which includes parts of ten U. Although nominally considered a tributary of the Mississippi, the Missouri River above the confluence is much longer [16] and carries a comparable volume of water.
For over 12, years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous bison herds that roamed through the Great Plains. The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century, and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase.
The Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 19th century laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region and blazed trails. Pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the s, first by covered wagon , then by the growing numbers of steamboats that entered service on the river. Conflict between settlers and Native Americans in the watershed led to some of the most longstanding and violent of the American Indian Wars.
During the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with hundreds more on tributaries.
Meanders have been cut and the river channelized to improve navigation, reducing its length by almost miles km from pre-development times. Although the lower Missouri valley is now a populous and highly productive agricultural and industrial region, heavy development has taken its toll on wildlife and fish populations as well as water quality.
Issuing from the mountains near Cascade , the river flows northeast to the city of Great Falls , where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri , a series of five substantial waterfalls.
It then winds east through a scenic region of canyons and badlands known as the Missouri Breaks, receiving the Marias River from the west then widening into the Fort Peck Lake reservoir a few miles above the confluence with the Musselshell River.
Farther on, the river passes through the Fort Peck Dam , and immediately downstream, the Milk River joins from the north. Flowing eastward through the plains of eastern Montana, the Missouri receives the Poplar River from the north before crossing into North Dakota where the Yellowstone River , its greatest tributary by volume, joins from the southwest.
At the confluence, the Yellowstone is actually the larger river. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck , the capital of North Dakota, where the Heart River joins from the west. It slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. The Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains, receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest.
It then proceeds to form the boundary of South Dakota and Nebraska , then after being joined by the James River from the north, forms the Iowa �Nebraska boundary. The Missouri flows south to the city of Omaha where it receives its longest tributary, the Platte River , from the west.
The Missouri swings east at Kansas City , where the Kansas River enters from the west, and so on into north-central Missouri. The river then rounds the northern side of St. Louis to join the Mississippi River on the border between Missouri and Illinois. With a drainage basin spanning , square miles 1,, km 2 , [12] the Missouri River's catchment encompasses nearly one-sixth of the area of the United States [24] or just over five percent of the continent of North America.
Compared with the Mississippi River above their confluence, the Missouri is twice as long [n 2] and drains an area three times as large. Louis, and as much as 70 percent in certain droughts. In , the Missouri River watershed was home to about 12 million people.
Denver is the main city of the Front Range Urban Corridor whose cities had a combined population of over four million in , [27] making it the largest metropolitan area in the Missouri River basin. Louis metropolitan area, south of the Missouri River just below the latter's mouth, on the Mississippi. However, many northwestern cities, such as Billings, Montana , are among the fastest growing in the Missouri basin. With more than , square miles , km 2 under the plow, the Missouri River watershed includes roughly one-fourth of all the agricultural land in the United States, providing more than a third of the country's wheat, flax, barley, and oats.
However, only 11, square miles 28, km 2 of farmland in the basin is irrigated. A further , square miles , km 2 of the basin is devoted to the raising of livestock, mainly cattle. Forested areas of the watershed, mostly second-growth , total about 43, square miles , km 2. Urban areas, on the other hand, comprise less than 13, square miles 34, km 2 of land.
Most built-up areas are along the main stem and a few major tributaries, including the Platte and Yellowstone Rivers. Elevations in the watershed vary widely, ranging from just over feet m at the Missouri's mouth [1] to the 14,foot 4, m summit of Mount Lincoln in central Colorado. Although the plains of the watershed have extremely little local vertical relief, the land rises about 10 feet per mile 1.
The elevation is less than feet m at the eastern border of the watershed, but is over 3, feet m above sea level in many places at the base of the Rockies. The Missouri's drainage basin has highly variable weather and rainfall patterns, Overall, the watershed is defined by a Continental climate with warm, wet summers and harsh, cold winters.
Most of the watershed receives an average of 8 to 10 inches to mm of precipitation each year. As one of the continent's most significant river systems, [33] the Missouri's drainage basin borders on many other major watersheds of the United States and Canada. The Continental Divide , running along the spine of the Rocky Mountains, forms most of the western border of the Missouri watershed. However, a large endorheic drainage called the Great Divide Basin exists between the Missouri and Green watersheds in western Wyoming.
This area is sometimes counted as part of the Missouri River watershed, even though its waters do not flow to either side of the Continental Divide. To the north, the much lower Laurentian Divide separates the Missouri River watershed from those of the Oldman River , a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River , as well as the Souris , Sheyenne , and smaller tributaries of the Red River of the North.
All of these streams are part of Canada's Nelson River drainage basin, which empties into Hudson Bay. There are also several large endorheic basins between the Missouri and Nelson watersheds in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Finally, on the south, the Ozark Mountains and other low divides through central Missouri, Kansas and Colorado separate the Missouri watershed from those of the White River and Arkansas River, also tributaries of the Mississippi River.
Over 95 significant tributaries and hundreds of smaller ones feed the Missouri River, with most of the larger ones coming in as the river draws close to the mouth. The table on the right lists the ten longest tributaries of the Missouri, along with their respective catchment areas and flows.
Length is measured to the hydrologic source, regardless of naming convention. The main stem of the Kansas River, for example, is miles km long. The Missouri's headwaters above Three Forks extend much farther upstream than the main stem. Measured to the farthest source at Brower's Spring, the Jefferson River is miles km long.
When combined with the lower Mississippi, the Missouri and its headwaters form part of the fourth-longest river system in the world , at 3, miles 6, km.
By discharge , the Missouri is the ninth largest river of the United States, after the Mississippi, St. The latter two, however, are sometimes considered part of a strait between Lake Huron and Lake Erie. Clair, Fraser , Slave , and Koksoak.
As the Missouri drains a predominantly semi-arid region, its discharge is much lower and more variable than other North American rivers of comparable length.
Before the construction of dams, the river flooded twice each year � once in the "April Rise" or " Spring Fresh ", with the melting of snow on the plains of the watershed, and in the "June Rise", caused by snowmelt and summer rainstorms in the Rocky Mountains. The latter was far more destructive, with the river increasing to over ten times its normal discharge in some years.
Evaporation from reservoirs significantly reduces the river's runoff, causing an annual loss of over 3 million acre feet 3. The river's average discharge at Bismarck, 1, The lowermost gage with a period of record greater than fifty years is at Hermann, Missouri � About , sq mi 1,, km 2 , or The Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana at the headwaters of the Missouri River first rose in the Laramide Orogeny , a mountain-building episode that occurred from around 70 to 45 million years ago the end of the Mesozoic through the early Cenozoic.
The Missouri and many of its tributaries cross the Great Plains, flowing over or cutting into the Ogallala Group and older mid-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The lowest major Cenozoic unit, the White River Formation , was deposited between roughly 35 and 29 million years ago [72] [73] and consists of claystone , sandstone , limestone , and conglomerate.
Immediately before the Quaternary Ice Age , the Missouri River was likely split into three segments: an upper portion that drained northwards into Hudson Bay, [78] [79] and middle and lower sections that flowed eastward down the regional slope.
Sapphires are found in some spots along the river in western Montana. As the lakes rose, the water in them often spilled across adjacent local drainage divides, creating now-abandoned channels and coulees including the Shonkin Sag , miles km long. When the glaciers retreated, the Missouri flowed in a new course along the south side of the Bearpaws, and the lower part of the Milk River tributary took over the original main channel.
The Missouri's nickname, the "Big Muddy", was inspired by its enormous loads of sediment or silt � some of the largest of any North American river. However, damming and channeling the river has kept it from reaching its natural sediment sources along most of its course. Reservoirs along the Missouri trap roughly Archaeological evidence, especially in Missouri, suggests that human beings first inhabited the watershed of the Missouri River between 10, and 12, years ago at the end of the Pleistocene.
Over centuries, the Missouri River formed one of these main migration paths. Most migratory groups that passed through the area eventually settled in the Ohio Valley and the lower Mississippi River Valley, but many, including the Mound builders , stayed along the Missouri, becoming the ancestors of the later Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains.
Indigenous peoples of North America who have lived along the Missouri have historically had access to ample food, water, and shelter. Many migratory animals naturally inhabit the plains area.
Before they were hunted by colonists and Native Americans, these animals, such as the buffalo , provided meat, clothing, and other everyday items; there were also great riparian areas in the river's floodplain that provided habitat for herbs and other staple foods. In this pre-colonial and early-colonial era, the Missouri river was used as a path of trade and transport, and the river and its tributaries often formed territorial boundaries. Most of the Indigenous peoples in the region at that time had semi-nomadic cultures, with many tribes maintaining different summer and winter camps.
However, the center Fishing Boats For Sale Missouri 46 of Native American wealth and trade lay along the Missouri River in the Dakotas region on its great bend south. The use of the horse allowed them to travel greater distances, and thus facilitated hunting, communications and trade. Once, tens of millions of American bison commonly called buffalo , one of the keystone species of the Great Plains and the Ohio Valley, roamed the plains of the Missouri River basin.
In time, the species came to benefit from the indigenous peoples' periodic controlled burnings of the grasslands surrounding the Missouri to clear out old and dead growth. The large bison population of the region gave rise to the term great bison belt , an area of rich annual grasslands that extended from Alaska to Mexico along the eastern flank of the Continental Divide. Foreign diseases brought by settlers, such as smallpox , raged across the land, decimating Native American populations.
Left without their primary source of sustenance, many of the remaining indigenous people were forced onto resettlement areas and reservations, often at gunpoint. In late June, Jolliet and Marquette became the first documented European discoverers of the Missouri River, which according to their journals was in full flood. The commotion was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself.
However, the party never explored the Missouri beyond its mouth, nor did they linger in the area.
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