Model Ship Building Plank Clamps In China,14 Foot Fishing Boat New Wester,Aluminum Boat Trailer Hat Bracket Tool,Woods Sailing Catamarans Pdf - Test Out
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You are using model ship building plank clamps in china out of date browser. It may not display this or other plaank correctly. You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. Plankk your own planking clamps. Plank on frame ships. Thread starter Bryian Start date Oct 7, Watchers Joined Jul 9, Messages 2, Points They were so simple to make, and worked so wonderfully well, I decided to make model ship building plank clamps in china.
I had a block of beautiful Turkish boxwood I got from my friend Neptune on this forum, and cut sections to match the original piece.
All glued up and I need to drill and cchina the screw and wing nut. Joined Aug 4, Messages 1, Points Clamps now there is something one never has enough of. This looks nice will be making some of these for bhilding. Joined Xlamps 9, Messages 3, Points Hi Don, I found the wing nuts on the thin Chinese screws strip the thread easily when you tighten up the clamps, so I used a thicker diameter screw and wing nut.
Joined Feb 12, Messages Points I cchina curious as to how they model ship building plank clamps in china. Do you have a photo? Joined Aug 2, Messages Points Brian said:. Click to expand Hi gentlemen, this is how the planking clamp works.
The threaded screw fits though the cihna of the frames and is tightened up with the wing nut. John, the thread diameter is 3mm and fits with plenty of room to spare. I also suggest you purchase these Japanese brass clamps. They are great for holding planks. Thanks Brian. That's a model ship building plank clamps in china tip. Do you have a link for the clamps? Hobby tools Australia sell.
Joined Feb 28, Messages Points View attachment Uwek Administrator Staff member. Joined Dec 25, Messages 16, Points Very nice. Thank you for the photo. Joined Jul 2, Messages 2, Points I recently saw a method of modifying wood spring closing clothes pins by reversing the inside to outside putting the spring inside so that the former outside end forms a tight clip.
I tried it without succes as everything wanted to jump out of position. OK I thought instead of reversing the spring location. Fairly fast and it coses as tightly as the spring compression works and my sanding is true.
Here are three views: basic clothes pin, upper is the suggested modifiction, and lower right is my simple sand it down method which works better for me and I can produce batches quickly. Joined Oct 19, Messages Points Joined Shup 3, Messages 2, Points You can get a hug from me, regards. Sea Burd. Joined Mar 30, Messages Points Those are nice. You must log in or pkank to reply .
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Over the four years from , the total number of employees in the European shipbuilding industry declined from , to , Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections.
Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.
Ship design work, also called naval architecture , may be conducted using a ship model basin. Previously, loftsmen at the mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data.
Modern ships, since roughly , have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness , which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks see problems of the Liberty ship.
Since roughly , specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. As modern shipbuilding panels on a panel line become lighter and thinner, the laser hybrid welding technique is utilized.
The laser hybrid blend focuses a higher energy beam on the material to be joined, allowing it to keyhole with a much higher depth to width ratio than comparative traditional welding techniques. Typically a MIG process trails the keyhole providing filler material for the weld joint.
This allows for very high penetration without excessive heat input from decreased weld metal deposited leading to less distortion and welding at higher travel speeds. All ships need repair work at some point in their working lives. A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the classification society.
A lot of maintenance is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's crew. However, a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a ship repair yard. Prior to undergoing repairs, a tanker must dock at a deballasting station for completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the construction of ships. For the song, see Shipbuilding song.
For other uses, see Shipwright disambiguation. Not to be confused with Boat building. Construction of ships and floating vessels. Archaeological Institute of America. The Sydney Morning Herald.
Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 28 April The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press. ISBN Archived from the original on 2 April Retrieved 23 March Bibcode : Natur. PMID S2CID Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series Archived PDF from the original on 26 July Retrieved 22 October Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques PhD.
Flinders University. In Ludden, David ed. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. The Journal of Pacific History. JSTOR University of California Press. Retrieved 4 June Princeton University Press.
In Blench R, Spriggs M eds. One World Archaeology. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. Maritime Southeast Asia to New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
The Seacraft of Prehistory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Reade ed. The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl.
Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs Greenwood PressScience. London: Evans Brothers Limited, Asian Shipbuilding Technology. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Ships and Seafaring in ancient times. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Delhi, Chennai, Chandigarh: Pearson. December Borneo Research Journal. Retrieved 19 July Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 September Meseo Galileo. Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology.
Retrieved 12 December Stahl, eds. Harrison Hall, Jessica ed. Ming China: Courts and Contacts Chapter Open Road Media. The Global Opportunity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum. The Journal of African History. The Mariner's Mirror. Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution Working Papers School of Economics, University College Dublin. Walter W. I do not understand you?
Fernand, you are wicked to call to your aid jealousy and the anger of God! Yes, I will not deny it, I do await, and I do love him of whom you speak; and, if he does not return, instead of accusing him of the inconstancy which you insinuate, I will tell you that he died loving me and me only. What end would that answer?
To lose you my friendship if he were conquered, and see that friendship changed into hate if you were victor. Believe me, to seek a quarrel with a man is a bad method of pleasing the woman who loves that man.
No, Fernand, you will not thus give way to evil thoughts. Fernand, pale and trembling, drew back, like a traveller at the sight of a serpent, and fell into a chair beside him. The burning Marseilles sun, which shot into the room through the open door, covered them with a flood of light. At first they saw nothing around them. Their intense happiness isolated them from all the rest of the world, and they only spoke in broken words, which are the tokens of a joy so extreme that they seem rather the expression of sorrow.
Suddenly Edmond saw the gloomy, pale, and threatening countenance of Fernand, as it was defined in the shadow. By a movement for which he could scarcely account to himself, the young Catalan placed his hand on the knife at his belt. Do you not remember him? But Fernand, instead of responding to this amiable gesture, remained mute and trembling.
This look told him all, and his anger waxed hot. If I believed that, I would place my arm under yours and go with you to Marseilles, leaving the house to return to it no more.
Fernand became deadly pale. And at these words the young girl fixed her imperious look on the Catalan, who, as if fascinated by it, came slowly towards Edmond, and offered him his hand. Wretched�wretched that I am! The young man stopped suddenly, looked around him, and perceived Caderousse sitting at table with Danglars, under an arbor. Are you really in such a hurry that you have no time to pass the time of day with your friends?
Fernand looked at them both with a stupefied air, but did not say a word. Fernand wiped away the perspiration steaming from his brow, and slowly entered the arbor, whose shade seemed to restore somewhat of calmness to his senses, and whose coolness somewhat of refreshment to his exhausted body. Fernand gave a groan, which resembled a sob, and dropped his head into his hands, his elbows leaning on the table. You are laughing at him, Caderousse.
Is she not free to love whomsoever she will? But I thought you were a Catalan, and they told me the Catalans were not men to allow themselves to be supplanted by a rival. It was even told me that Fernand, especially, was terrible in his vengeance.
These things always come on us more severely when they come suddenly. Danglars shuddered at this unexpected attack, and turned to Caderousse, whose countenance he scrutinized, to try and detect whether the blow was premeditated; but he read nothing but envy in a countenance already rendered brutal and stupid by drunkenness. Caderousse raised his glass to his mouth with unsteady hand, and swallowed the contents at a gulp.
Fernand dashed his on the ground. Look, Fernand, your eyes are better than mine. I believe I see double. You know wine is a deceiver; but I should say it was two lovers walking side by side, and hand in hand. Heaven forgive me, they do not know that we can see them, and they are actually embracing!
Come this way, and let us know when the wedding is to be, for Fernand here is so obstinate he will not tell us. See, look at Fernand, and follow his example; he is well-behaved! At this Fernand recollected her threat of dying if Edmond died, and dropped again heavily on his seat. Danglars looked at the two men, one after the other, the one brutalized by liquor, the other overwhelmed with love.
Yet this Catalan has eyes that glisten like those of the vengeful Spaniards, Sicilians, and Calabrians, and the other has fists big enough to crush an ox at one blow. My friends will be there, I hope; that is to say, you are invited, M. Danglars, and you, Caderousse. Fernand opened his mouth to reply, but his voice died on his lips, and he could not utter a word.
You are in a hurry, captain! Danglars; for when we have suffered a long time, we have great difficulty in believing in good fortune. But it is not selfishness alone that makes me thus in haste; I must go to Paris. Besides, I shall only take the time to go and return. Ah, this letter gives me an idea�a capital idea!
Is it my affair? I could drink four more such bottles; they are no bigger than cologne flasks. I forget. This drunken Caderousse has made me lose the thread of my sentence. Prove it, Danglars. I have answered for you. Fernand rose impatiently. Have you that means? But why should I meddle in the matter?
None, on my word! I hate him! I confess it openly. I have always had more dread of a pen, a bottle of ink, and a sheet of paper, than of a sword or pistol. The Catalan watched him until Caderousse, almost overcome by this fresh assault on his senses, rested, or rather dropped, his glass upon the table. Give me your arm, and let us go. Come along, Danglars, and let the young gentleman return to the Catalans if he chooses.
When they had advanced about twenty yards, Danglars looked back and saw Fernand stoop, pick up the crumpled paper, and putting it into his pocket then rush out of the arbor towards Pillon. He said he was going to the Catalans, and he is going to the city. Hallo, Fernand! You are coming, my boy! The apartment destined for the purpose was spacious and lighted by a number of windows, over each of which was written in golden letters for some inexplicable reason the name of one of the principal cities of France; beneath these windows a wooden balcony extended the entire length of the house.
Various rumors were afloat to the effect that the owners of the Pharaon had promised to attend the nuptial feast; but all seemed unanimous in doubting that an act of such rare and exceeding condescension could possibly be intended.
Danglars, however, who now made his appearance, accompanied by Caderousse, effectually confirmed the report, stating that he had recently conversed with M. In fact, a moment later M. With the entrance of M.
Morrel, Danglars and Caderousse were despatched in search of the bridegroom to convey to him the intelligence of the arrival of the important personage whose coming had created such a lively sensation, and to beseech him to make haste. The old man was attired in a suit of glistening watered silk, trimmed with steel buttons, beautifully cut and polished. His thin but wiry legs were arrayed in a pair of richly embroidered clocked stockings, evidently of English manufacture, while from his three-cornered hat depended a long streaming knot of white and blue ribbons.
Thus he came along, supporting himself on a curiously carved stick, his aged countenance lit up with happiness, looking for all the world like one of the aged dandies of , parading the newly opened gardens of the Luxembourg and Tuileries. As Danglars approached the disappointed lover, he cast on him a look of deep meaning, while Fernand, as he slowly paced behind the happy pair, who seemed, in their own unmixed content, to have entirely forgotten that such a being as himself existed, was pale and abstracted; occasionally, however, a deep flush would overspread his countenance, and a nervous contraction distort his features, while, with an agitated and restless gaze, he would glance in the direction of Marseilles, like one who either anticipated or foresaw some great and important event.
She moved with the light, free step of an Arlesienne or an Andalusian. Edmond, at the approach of his patron, respectfully placed the arm of his affianced bride within that of M. Morrel, who, forthwith conducting her up the flight of wooden steps leading to the chamber in which the feast was prepared, was gayly followed by the guests, beneath whose heavy tread the slight structure creaked and groaned for the space of several minutes.
Morrel was seated at his right hand, Danglars at his left; while, at a sign from Edmond, the rest of the company ranged themselves as they found it most agreeable.
Then they began to pass around the dusky, piquant, Arlesian sausages, and lobsters in their dazzling red cuirasses, prawns of large size and brilliant color, the echinus with its prickly outside and dainty morsel within, the clovis, esteemed by the epicures of the South as more than rivalling the exquisite flavor of the oyster, North. Danglars looked towards Fernand, whose excitable nature received and betrayed each fresh impression.
I should say that you were the happiest man alive at this instant. Just assume the tone and manner of a husband, and see how she will remind you that your hour is not yet come! The bride blushed, while Fernand, restless and uneasy, seemed to start at every fresh sound, and from time to time wiped away the large drops of perspiration that gathered on his brow. Morrel, to whom, next to my father, I owe every blessing I enjoy, every difficulty has been removed.
Fernand closed his eyes, a burning sensation passed across his brow, and he was compelled to support himself by the table to prevent his falling from his chair; but in spite of all his efforts, he could not refrain from uttering a deep groan, which, however, was lost amid the noisy felicitations of the company.
Commend me to a sailor for going the quick way to work! So, you see, our papers were quickly written out, and certainly do not come very expensive. Tomorrow morning I start for Paris; four days to go, and the same to return, with one day to discharge the commission entrusted to me, is all the time I shall be absent. I shall be back here by the first of March, and on the second I give my real marriage feast.
Around the table reigned that noisy hilarity which usually prevails at such a time among people sufficiently free from the demands of social position not to feel the trammels of etiquette. Such as at the commencement of the repast had not been able to seat themselves according to their inclination rose unceremoniously, and sought out more agreeable companions.
Everybody talked at once, without waiting for a reply and each one seemed to be contented with expressing his or her own thoughts. As for Fernand himself, he seemed to be enduring the tortures of the damned; unable to rest, he was among the first to quit the table, and, as though seeking to avoid the hilarious mirth that rose in such deafening sounds, he continued, in utter silence, to pace the farther end of the salon.
Caderousse approached him just as Danglars, whom Fernand seemed most anxious to avoid, had joined him in a corner of the room. I cannot help thinking it would have been a great pity to have served him that trick you were planning yesterday. Upon my soul, that future captain of mine is a lucky dog!
I only wish he would let me take his place. At the same instant his ear caught a sort of indistinct sound on the stairs, followed by the measured tread of soldiery, with the clanking of swords and military accoutrements; then came a hum and buzz as of many voices, so as to deaden even the noisy mirth of the bridal party, among whom a vague feeling of curiosity and apprehension quelled every disposition to talk, and almost instantaneously the most deathlike stillness prevailed.
The sounds drew nearer. Three blows were struck upon the panel of the door. The company looked at each other in consternation. Uneasiness now yielded to the most extreme dread on the part of those present. Every eye was turned towards the young man who, spite of the agitation he could not but feel, advanced with dignity, and said, in a firm voice:. Morrel felt that further resistance or remonstrance was useless.
He saw before him an officer delegated to enforce the law, and perfectly well knew that it would be as unavailing to seek pity from a magistrate decked with his official scarf, as to address a petition to some cold marble effigy. There are situations which the heart of a father or a mother cannot be made to understand. Your son has probably neglected some prescribed form or attention in registering his cargo, and it is more than probable he will be set at liberty directly he has given the information required, whether touching the health of his crew, or the value of his freight.
The scene of the previous night now came back to his mind with startling clearness. The painful catastrophe he had just witnessed appeared effectually to have rent away the veil which the intoxication of Model Ship Building Plank Clamps 2016 the evening before had raised between himself and his memory. Never mind where he is, let you and I go and see what is to be done for our poor friends.
A carriage awaited him at the door; he got in, followed by two soldiers and the magistrate, and the vehicle drove off towards Marseilles.
This second departure was followed by a long and fearful state of terrified silence on the part of those who were left behind. Instinctively Fernand drew back his chair. I only hope the mischief will fall upon the head of whoever wrought it. Her grief, which she had hitherto tried to restrain, now burst out in a violent fit of hysterical sobbing.
Morrel back. No doubt, now, we shall hear that our friend is released! He was very pale. I am determined to tell them all about it. The vessel did touch at Elba, where he quitted it, and passed a whole day in the island. Now, should any letters or other documents of a compromising character be found upon him, will it not be taken for granted that all who uphold him are his accomplices? With the rapid instinct of selfishness, Caderousse readily perceived the solidity of this mode of reasoning; he gazed, doubtfully, wistfully, on Danglars, and then caution supplanted generosity.
If he be innocent, of course he will be set at liberty; if guilty, why, it is no use involving ourselves in a conspiracy. Policar Morrel, who served under the other government, and who does not altogether conceal what he thinks on the subject, you are strongly suspected of regretting the abdication of Napoleon.
I should have feared to injure both Edmond and yourself, had I divulged my own apprehensions to a soul. I am too well aware that though a subordinate, like myself, is bound to acquaint the shipowner with everything that occurs, there are many things he ought most carefully to conceal from all else.
I fully authorize you at once to assume the command of the Pharaon , and look carefully to the unloading of her freight. Private misfortunes must never be allowed to interfere with business. Morrel; but do you think we shall be permitted to see our poor Edmond? But now hasten on board, I will join you there ere long. So saying, the worthy shipowner quitted the two allies, and proceeded in the direction of the Palais de Justice.
Do you still feel any desire to stand up in his defence? I only wish I could see it now as plainly as I saw it lying all crushed and crumpled in a corner of the arbor.
And now I think of it, by Heavens, he may have sent the letter itself! Fortunately, for me, the handwriting was disguised. As I before said, I thought the whole thing was a joke, nothing more. It seems, however, that I have unconsciously stumbled upon the truth. You will see, Danglars, that it will turn out an unlucky job for both of us. If any harm come of it, it should fall on the guilty person; and that, you know, is Fernand.
How can we be implicated in any way? All we have got to do is, to keep our own counsel, and remain perfectly quiet, not breathing a word to any living soul; and you will see that the storm will pass away without in the least affecting us. I am, temporarily, commander of the Pharaon , with the certainty of being permanently so, if that fool of a Caderousse can be persuaded to hold his tongue. Morrel had agreed to meet him.
In this case, however, although the occasion of the entertainment was similar, the company was strikingly dissimilar. The guests were still at table, and the heated and energetic conversation that prevailed betrayed the violent and vindictive passions that then agitated each dweller of the South, where unhappily, for five centuries religious strife had long given increased bitterness to the violence of party feeling.
The magistrates freely discussed their political views; the military part of the company talked unreservedly of Moscow and Leipsic, while the women commented on the divorce of Josephine. It was not over the downfall of the man, but over the defeat of the Napoleonic idea, that they rejoiced, and in this they foresaw for themselves the bright and cheering prospect of a revivified political existence. In a word, an almost poetical fervor prevailed.
I really must pray you to excuse me, but�in truth�I was not attending to the conversation. But there�now take him�he is your own for as long as you like. Villefort, I beg to remind you my mother speaks to you. What I was saying, Villefort, was, that the Bonapartists had not our sincerity, enthusiasm, or devotion. Napoleon is the Mahomet of the West, and is worshipped by his commonplace but ambitious followers, not only as a leader and lawgiver, but also as the personification of equality.
Come, come, do not strip the latter of his just rights to bestow them on the Corsican, who, to my mind, has usurped quite enough. The only difference consists in the opposite character of the equality advocated by these two men; one is the equality that elevates, the other is the equality that degrades; one brings a king within reach of the guillotine, the other elevates the people to a level with the throne.
Still, marquise, it has been so with other usurpers�Cromwell, for instance, who was not half so bad as Napoleon, had his partisans and advocates.
But I excuse it, it is impossible to expect the son of a Girondin to be free from a small spice of the old leaven. What avails recrimination over matters wholly past recall? For my own part, I have laid aside even the name of my father, and altogether disown his political principles.
He was�nay, probably may still be�a Bonapartist, and is called Noirtier; I, on the contrary, am a staunch royalist, and style myself de Villefort. Let what may remain of revolutionary sap exhaust itself and die away with the old trunk, and condescend only to regard the young shoot which has started up at a distance from the parent tree, without having the power, any more than the wish, to separate entirely from the stock from which it sprung.
Come, now, I have hopes of obtaining what I have been for years endeavoring to persuade the marquise to promise; namely, a perfect amnesty and forgetfulness of the past. I promise you it affords me as little pleasure to revive it as it does you. All I ask is, that Villefort will be firm and inflexible for the future in his political principles. But bear in mind, that should there fall in your way anyone guilty of conspiring against the government, you will be so much the more bound to visit the offence with rigorous punishment, as it is known you belong to a suspected family.
I have already successfully conducted several public prosecutions, and brought the offenders to merited punishment. But we have not done with the thing yet.
Napoleon, in the Island of Elba, is too near France, and his proximity keeps up the hopes of his partisans. Marseilles is filled with half-pay officers, who are daily, under one frivolous pretext or other, getting up quarrels with the royalists; from hence arise continual and fatal duels among the higher classes of persons, and assassinations in the lower. As Villefort observes, it is a great act of folly to have Model Ship Building Plank Clamps Kit left such a man between Corsica, where he was born, and Naples, of which his brother-in-law is king, and face to face with Italy, the sovereignty of which he coveted for his son.
I never was in a law-court; I am told it is so very amusing! The prisoner whom you there see pale, agitated, and alarmed, instead of�as is the case when a curtain falls on a tragedy�going home to sup peacefully with his family, and then retiring to rest, that he may recommence his mimic woes on the morrow,�is removed from your sight merely to be reconducted to his prison and delivered up to the executioner.
I leave you to judge how far your nerves are calculated to bear you through such a scene. Of this, however, be assured, that should any favorable opportunity present itself, I will not fail to offer you the choice of being present. I have already recorded sentence of death, five or six times, against the movers of political conspiracies, and who can say how many daggers may be ready sharpened, and only waiting a favorable opportunity to be buried in my heart?
Suppose, for instance, the prisoner, as is more than probable, to have served under Napoleon�well, can you expect for an instant, that one accustomed, at the word of his commander, to rush fearlessly on the very bayonets of his foe, will scruple more to drive a stiletto into the heart of one he knows to be his personal enemy, than to slaughter his fellow-creatures, merely because bidden to do so by one he is bound to obey?
I would not choose to see the man against whom I pleaded smile, as though in mockery of my words. No; my pride is to see the accused pale, agitated, and as though beaten out of all composure by the fire of my eloquence. Upon my word, you killed him ere the executioner had laid his hand upon him.
Nowadays the military profession is in abeyance and the magisterial robe is the badge of honor. There is a wise Latin proverb that is very much in point. Do you know I always felt a shudder at the idea of even a destroying angel?
I should myself have recommended the match, had not the noble marquis anticipated my wishes by requesting my consent to it. What is there I would not do to evince my earnest gratitude! Now, then, were a conspirator to fall into your hands, he would be most welcome. Villefort immediately rose from table and quitted the room upon the plea of urgent business; he soon, however, returned, his whole face beaming with delight.
Well, I at least resemble the disciples of Esculapius in one thing [people spoke in this style in ], that of not being able to call a day my own, not even that of my betrothal.
You know we cannot yet pronounce him guilty. The young man passed round to the side of the table where the fair pleader sat, and leaning over her chair said tenderly:. I should be glad to know what connection there can possibly be between your sickly sentimentality and the affairs of the state!
N o sooner had Villefort left the salon, than he assumed the grave air of a man who holds the balance of life and death in his hands. Now, in spite of the nobility of his countenance, the command of which, like a finished actor, he had carefully studied before the glass, it was by no means easy for him to assume an air of judicial severity.
Already rich, he held a high official situation, though only twenty-seven. These considerations naturally gave Villefort a feeling of such complete felicity that his mind was fairly dazzled in its contemplation.
At the door he met the commissary of police, who was waiting for him. At this moment, and as Villefort had arrived at the corner of the Rue des Conseils, a man, who seemed to have been waiting for him, approached; it was M. He is the most estimable, the most trustworthy creature in the world, and I will venture to say, there is not a better seaman in all the merchant service. Oh, M. Villefort, as we have seen, belonged to the aristocratic party at Marseilles, Morrel to the plebeian; the first was a royalist, the other suspected of Bonapartism.
Villefort looked disdainfully at Morrel, and replied coldly:. Is it not true? The magistrate laid emphasis on these words, as if he wished to apply them to the owner himself, while his eyes seemed to plunge into the heart of one who, interceding for another, had himself need of indulgence.
He replied, however, in a tone of deep interest:. He was, if I recollect, arrested in a tavern, in company with a great many others. As he had now arrived at the door of his own house, which adjoined the Palais de Justice, he entered, after having, coldly saluted the shipowner, who stood, as if petrified, on the spot where Villefort had left him.
The antechamber was full of police agents and gendarmes, in the midst of whom, carefully watched, but calm and smiling, stood the prisoner.
He had recognized intelligence in the high forehead, courage in the dark eye and bent brow, and frankness in the thick lips that showed a set of pearly teeth.
He stifled, therefore, the feelings of compassion that were rising, composed his features, and sat down, grim and sombre, at his desk. He was pale, but calm and collected, and saluting his judge with easy politeness, looked round for a seat, as if he had been in M.
I am hardly nineteen; I know nothing; I have no part to play. If I obtain the situation I desire, I shall owe it to M. Thus all my opinions�I will not say public, but private�are confined to these three sentiments,�I love my father, I respect M. This, sir, is all I can tell you, and you see how uninteresting it is. I shall have at least a pressure of the hand in public, and a sweet kiss in private. As for my disposition, that is, perhaps, somewhat too hasty; but I have striven to repress it.
I have had ten or twelve sailors under me, and if you question them, they will tell you that they love and respect me, not as a father, for I am too young, but as an elder brother. You are about to become captain at nineteen�an elevated post; you are about to marry a pretty girl, who loves you; and these two pieces of good fortune may have excited the envy of someone. You seem a worthy young man; I will depart from the strict line of my duty to aid you in discovering the author of this accusation.
Here is the paper; do you know the writing? A cloud passed over his brow as he said:. Whoever did it writes well. I will tell you the real facts. As we had no doctor on board, and he was so anxious to arrive at Elba, that he would not touch at any other port, his disorder rose to such a height, that at the end of the third day, feeling he was dying, he called me to him.
You will accomplish what I was to have done, and derive all the honor and profit from it. At these words he gave me a ring. It was time�two hours after he was delirious; the next day he died.
Everywhere the last requests of a dying man are sacred; but with a sailor the last requests of his superior are commands. I sailed for the Island of Elba, where I arrived the next day; I ordered everybody to remain on board, and went on shore alone. As I had expected, I found some difficulty in obtaining access to the grand-marshal; but I sent the ring I had received from the captain to him, and was instantly admitted.
I undertook it because it was what my captain had bade me do. I landed here, regulated the affairs of the vessel, and hastened to visit my affianced bride, whom I found more lovely than ever. Thanks to M. Morrel, all the forms were got over; in a word I was, as I told you, at my marriage feast; and I should have been married in an hour, and tomorrow I intended to start for Paris, had I not been arrested on this charge which you as well as I now see to be unjust.
If you have been culpable, it was imprudence, and this imprudence was in obedience to the orders of your captain. Give up this letter you have brought from Elba, and pass your word you will appear should you be required, and go and rejoin your friends. He sank into his seat, and hastily turning over the packet, drew forth the fatal letter, at which he glanced with an expression of terror.
After reading the letter, Villefort covered his face with his hands. You are ill�shall I ring for assistance? It is for me to give orders here, and not you. Attend to yourself; answer me. Villefort fell back on his chair, passed his hand over his brow, moist with perspiration, and, for the third time, read the letter. Should anyone else interrogate you, say to him what you have said to me, but do not breathe a word of this letter.
Villefort rang. A police agent entered. Villefort whispered some words in his ear, to which the officer replied by a motion of his head. Hardly had the door closed when Villefort threw himself half-fainting into a chair. This accursed letter would have destroyed all my hopes.
Oh, my father, must your past career always interfere with my successes? Now to the work I have in hand. A door that communicated with the Palais de Justice was opened, and they went through a long range of gloomy corridors, whose appearance might have made even the boldest shudder. The Palais de Justice communicated with the prison,�a sombre edifice, that from its grated windows looks on the clock-tower of the Accoules. The door opened, the two gendarmes gently pushed him forward, and the door closed with a loud sound behind him.
The air he inhaled was no longer pure, but thick and mephitic,�he was in prison. He was conducted to a tolerably neat chamber, but grated and barred, and its appearance, therefore, did not greatly alarm him; besides, the words of Villefort, who seemed to interest himself so much, resounded still in his ears like a promise of freedom.
It was, as we have said, the 1st of March, and the prisoner was soon buried in darkness. He had advanced at first, but stopped at the sight of this display of force. A carriage waited at the door, the coachman was on the box, and a police officer sat beside him. The prisoner glanced at the windows�they were grated; he had changed his prison for another that was conveying him he knew not whither.
Soon he saw the lights of La Consigne. The two gendarmes who were opposite to him descended first, then he was ordered to alight and the gendarmes on each side of him followed his example. They advanced towards a boat, which a custom-house officer held by a chain, near the quay. In an instant he was placed in the stern-sheets of the boat, between the gendarmes, while the officer stationed himself at the bow; a shove sent the boat adrift, and four sturdy oarsmen impelled it rapidly towards the Pilon.
The boat continued her voyage. The most vague and wild thoughts passed through his mind. The boat they were in could not make a long voyage; there was no vessel at anchor outside the harbor; he thought, perhaps, they were going to leave him on some distant point. He was not bound, nor had they made any attempt to handcuff him; this seemed a good augury. Besides, had not the deputy, who had been so kind to him, told him that provided he did not pronounce the dreaded name of Noirtier, he had nothing to apprehend?
Had not Villefort in his presence destroyed the fatal letter, the only proof against him? They had left the Ile Ratonneau, where the lighthouse stood, on the right, and were now opposite the Point des Catalans. A loud cry could be heard by her.
But pride restrained him and he did not utter it. What would his guards think if they heard him shout like a madman? An intervening elevation of land hid the light. While he had been absorbed in thought, they had shipped their oars and hoisted sail; the boat was now moving with the wind. You see I cannot escape, even if I intended. I have committed no crime. Come, come, do not look so astonished, or you will make me think you are laughing at me in return for my good nature.
But what are you doing? Help, comrades, help! He fell back cursing with rage. Believe soft-spoken gentlemen again! Hark ye, my friend, I have disobeyed my first order, but I will not disobey the second; and if you move, I will blow your brains out.
For a moment the idea of struggling crossed his mind, and of so ending the unexpected evil that had overtaken him. But he bethought him of M. He remained motionless, but gnashing his teeth and wringing his hands with fury. At this moment the boat came to a landing with a violent shock. His guards, taking him by the arms and coat-collar, forced him to rise, and dragged him towards the steps that lead to the gate of the fortress, while the police officer carrying a musket with fixed bayonet followed behind.
He did not even see the ocean, that terrible barrier against freedom, which the prisoners look upon with utter despair. They halted for a minute, during which he strove to collect his thoughts. He looked around; he was in a court surrounded by high walls; he heard the measured tread of sentinels, and as they passed before the light he saw the barrels of their muskets shine.
They waited upwards of ten minutes. They seemed awaiting orders. The orders came. Tomorrow, perhaps, he may change you. In the meantime there is bread, water, and fresh straw; and that is all a prisoner can wish for.
He found the prisoner in the same position, as if fixed there, his eyes swollen with weeping. He had passed the night standing, and without sleep.
He touched him on the shoulder. Edmond started. All his emotion then burst forth; he cast himself on the ground, weeping bitterly, and asking himself what crime he had committed that he was thus punished.
The day passed thus; he scarcely tasted food, but walked round and round the cell like a wild beast in its cage. We cleaned out the closets, the pantries, the garage, and the attic. Then we started moving the life-support systems, too. Aeroponics , hydroponics , meat farms , more oxygen and nitrogen tanks , more gas-scrubbers , more fabbers , solar storm bunkers , lifeboat pods , emergency life-support units , starsuits , rebreathers, hazmat suits , O-masks, airlocks , and more bots.
Did I leave anything out? If I did Ganny would catch it. Whatever she missed IRMA caught. And of course, we had all the checklists too. We had a century and a half of modern shipbuilding to draw upon and all the associated recommendations, requirements, specifications, tech manuals and certification sheets.
We were pumped. Inside the third wheel, our engines were taking shape too. The wheel itself was going to be our radiation shield , protecting us from the emissions of our own drives.
The bottom wheel was made of overlapping leaves, not linked at the sides and permanently connected only to the top rim of its hub. When everything was finally in place, the ship would look like a gigantic shuttlecock with a sharp pointy tip. Allowing for the usual last minute unforeseen, unpredicted, and unexpected adjustments, calibrations, fixes, and repairs, the entire ship would be all-green in fourteen weeks.
I would be nineteen and we would be starborne. But right now, we had to finish attaching, loading, and balancing the supply and equipment pods that clustered the length of the keel. And after that, we had to build and install the gear to make the habitat wheels viable.
We can only pressurize them to fifteen kilometers. And we lose our window to go collect our stolen goods. So instead, we live in the pods for a couple weeks while we ship out to Saturn, collect ice from the rings, crack it for gas, fill both centrifuges and pressurize them to sea level. You can get mad at me later. She just let me study it.
I pointed. Missile launchers. Particle beams. Silent screams. Pain projectors. Tanglefoot fields. Are we going to topple a government?
Or are we just going to war against the Klingons? The Polaris is How big is this, exactly? When comparing the spacecraft to other vehicles, just use the "everything else" value, ignore the propellant mass.
This is because few earthly vehicles have total masses dominated by fuel mass as much as rockets are. How does Note: according to the blueprints the Michael Battleship 49 is feet tall. However, this would make the Shuttle Orbiters mounted on the battleship too small.
I scaled the blueprint so the Orbiters were at their official length, which made the Michael feet tall. Gentlemen, let me start by saying that I am greatly honored to be chosen for command of such a magnificent vessel. That said, our insystem shakedown cruise has turned up a few minor issues that I would like to see remedied as soon as possible. However, strictly speaking, was it absolutely necessary to scale up the bridge tower directly?
I must confess the foreward bridge window is a great distraction. Militarily, we feel that as is, the three kilometer tall window pane may provide too tempting a target for enemy forces we may engage. We've lost four helmsmen so far to vertigo as well, and we don't think this is in the best interests of the vessel's well-being. My initial briefing tour of the vessel took six days to complete, and the travel tubes were based on the design in use aboard the slightly smaller Executor-class vessels.
Travel time being prohibitive, we were forced to camp out in the corridors of the major sectors when we stopped for the night. Furthermore, since our crew quarters sections are located entirely within the aft dorsal sectors, both our Engineering crew and ground forces complements have built tent cities within their own sections, and are living there.
Fire hazard has become nearly intolerable and the hydroponics department has sent me six hundred messages insisting that the smoke from the camp-fires is ruining their crop, and that we have enough food left aboard for only another three weeks. Our plumbers called my attention to the fact that the sewage from our 6 million-man crew backwashed through the air vents in Sections 42 to 78, decks through Malaria and dysentary broke out in those sections, and we were forced to cordon it off to prevent an epidemic.
Our first Chief Medical Officer unfortunately was killed when he requested the paperwork on those affected, and upon receiving e-mailed reports from all of his senior doctors, the computer screen in his quarters self-destructed, propelling shrapnel throughout his quarters. All droids who enter the area have failed to return, and a remote camera probe sent in, recorded images of the survivors in the affected area where they were flinging their own feces at each other, warring with sharpened pieces of metal, and attempting to eat the dismembered limbs of the aforementioned droids.
The war in question is against his apparent rival, the commander of our ground forces near the main flightdeck, who has taken to calling himself "Bringer of the Apocalypse. We believe that they have begun ritualistically sacrificing one of our TIE-fighter pilots before each attack to bring them luck.
Aside from a minor note that some of our turbolaser turret gunners may have starved to death when their food shipments were cut off by the warzone, there is little else to remark on, save that in our first tactical drill, during the course of a two-hour right turn, we failed to halt our rotation with the result of the subsequent and very unfortunate destruction of the entire Coruscant 4th Defensive Fleet. I've made a note to send out letters of regret the moment we reacquire contact with our communications room at the bow of the vessel.
That of course is the reason why this message had to be sent to your offices via pen, paper, and one of our probe droids. I beg forgivness for the clerical difficulties that may cause. Including them in this work is a choice which I expect to be somewhat controversial � many would argue that a fleet carrier is a formation , not a vessel � but with respect to those readers who may hold that position, since the Imperial Navy treats fleet carriers as a single vessel for asset accounting and command designation purposes, so in turn shall I.
Fleet carriers were not known before the Exterminomachy While before that time lighthuggers had met with occasional hostility, they had proven more than capable of defending themselves against local system defense forces, in particular with the Perreinar Wheel 1 � and in those cases where they were not, it was because they had encountered a Power not readily opposed by pure military force.
This changed with the arrival of the skrandar berserker probes, whose numbers and willingness to embrace suicide tactics made them a serious threat to even well-defended vessels, and eliminating breeding site for which required the transport of full task forces to their host systems. Stripped down by removing all cargo capacity, much crew space, and all other less-than-essential facilities, and enhancing their fuel capacity with multiple drop tanks, it became possible to clamp a small number of light units � overstocked with fuel and supplies � to the spine of such a vessel, and have it haul them slowly and painfully to a target system.
The last of these to be recovered, CS Bloodwashed 3 , was salvaged with all hands in The majority of the propulsive thrust is provided by the dedicated propulsion heads, while specialized fleet mediator software enables the use of the drives of the various carried ships to balance the structure and correct attitude.
Meanwhile, supplies carried in the collier modules, distributed by rigged flexpipe and by cable-crawling logistics robots, eliminated the need to overload any individual ship with supplies, and indeed enabled the transportation of greater volumes of fuel and replenishment.
Moreover, such fleet carriers could separate instantly if intercepted by simply blowing the explosive cable-couplers and engaging their drives independently, the dispersed tensegrity structure providing adequate safety separation for this.
While there exist a third generation of fleet carrier designs, these merely reflect the evolution in technological reliability that allows the physical cables of the second generation to be replaced with vector-control tractor-pressor beams , and does not reflect any change in fundamental design or doctrine.
However, the individual propulsion heads and collier modules, the former full starships in themselves, do. Estimate somehow the volume m 3 of your spacecraft. Of course there is some differences of opinion on the exact value of the average density of a spacecraft.
One easy figure I've seen in various SF role playing games is a density of 0. Ken Burnside did some research when he designed his game Attack Vector: Tactical. He found that jet airliners have an average density of about 0. For the combat spacecraft in AV:T, Ken chose a density of 0.
A student of the game Orbiter who goes by the handle T. Neo used the 3D models in the game to figure the volume of various space constructions. Dividing by their known masses yielded the densities. So if you assume a Traveller starship has an average density of 0. Example: a Broadsword class mercenary cruiser has a volume of dtons or depending on where you read it. Traveller deck plans are confusing as well.
If they are ruled off in a square grid, chances are the squares are 1. The space between the floor and the ceiling of a deck is assumed to be 3 meters. Bottom line is that on a Traveller deck plan 1 dton is represented by two grid squares. Ships are made of multiple sections called hulls. UDST hulls hold the ship's drives, power plants, hardpoints, crew quarters and access areas, command decks, and everything else that a ship requires to function at a minimal level.
Containment hulls hold reaction mass, cargo and troops. Magazines hold internally-stored bombs, missiles and torpedoes. Hangars hold small craft fighters, shuttles and the like.
Systems hulls hold short and long range scanners. The rest must be UDST hulls. While working on an old unfinished page I'd forgotten about, I realized that I really needed a decent estimate of Star Destroyer mass. Despite not having much to really go on, I decided to make a guesstimate.
So, let us assume that a Star Destroyer is meters in length. Now we need an estimate of their density. We have options here. We can attempt to use the density of Star Trek vessels. However, we know that the vessels are constructed of different materials and so on, so this is a somewhat dangerous assumption. However, given that the Intrepid can land as most Star Destroyer classes seem able to, the Intrepid density seems the safer albeit still dangerous assumption.
We can attempt to use the density of real-world spacecraft. This is also dangerous, of course, since real-world spacecraft are hardly military vessels. They are designed to allow people to get to space for a brief period of time, but can hardly be expected to withstand even a single hostile bullet or other decent-velocity impact.
Now, it happens that when Star Trek guru Rick Sternbach was designing the Intrepid Class for Star Trek: Voyager , he intentionally based their stated mass off of an estimate of the ship's volume, calculating the mass via a density derived from an estimate of the Apollo capsule command module. That seems a bit light, so we can also compare to the space shuttle orbiter. Empty, a newer shuttle like Endeavour weighs about 70 tonnes, and she's about tonnes when full.
At about Determining her density is a little bit of a trick, though, since much of her total empty mass. But since we're ballparking, we can simply take the fuselage as a cylinder and tack on a couple of extra meters for the eyeballed volume of the various atmospheric control surfaces.
So, per estimation from this site , we have the total length of A smidgen of that is the vertical stablizer the tail fin , but we'll just roll with that figure. Given that the shuttle fuselage is roughly cylindrical, the height and width values of about 6 meters are sufficient for diameter the crew area and payload bay are below six meters, the rear fuselage with the engines is over six.
Well, now. It seems that Rick Sternbach's choice was rather on the heavy side, after all. And yet the Constitution Class still came in four times more dense than that, and about 40 times denser than the space shuttle!
So where should we attempt to put the Star Destroyers? Considering that large warships of the Clone Wars era seem to be largely hollow e. On the other hand, given the extensive use of simple steel even for external towers on the Death Star per the ANH novelization , Coruscant buildings, and similar, it seems unlikely that durasteel or steelcrete will be superdense. After all, given that a natural stone on Yavin was so dense that no weapon was thought capable of penetrating it, we could be forgiven in believing that Star Wars ships are built strong but as light as possible.
That's 27 to 54 million metric tonnes. Actual figures could vary significantly, of course, and my rounding above was somewhat haphazard. I would say that this is especially the case with smaller vessels, but interestingly the X-Wing mass is almost identical to the empty mass of an F Tomcat.
Once missiles and fuel are added, though, an F can mass 33 tonnes. Also, I don't have volume figures for the Venator or Acclamator. I'd guesstimate the former at 15 million tonnes and the latter around , but I really have no clue as to the proper value. This is just a complete pulled-from-the-posterior guess from memory. Estimate the mass kg of each major component. Total the masses to get the spacecraft mass, total the volume to get the spacecraft volume.
Often you have the total mass, and the propellant mass. The dry mass is the total mass less the propellant. If you have the mass ratio, you can figure your dry mass by totaling up the various components, then use the mass ratio to calculate the propellant mass and total mass.
The percentages for, say, the Starship Enterprise will be totally different and anybody's guess. Now all you need are some figures on the average density of these various items and you can calculate quick and dirty ship volumes.
I'm looking into it but it's hard. The following is a method to calculate the spacecraft's structural mass. It is derived from a document at Christopher Thrash's web site. He bases his analysis on data from the book all the pros in astronautics use, Space Mission Analysis and Design. There is some additional information here. Lucky you, Eric Rozier has implemented the algorithm below as an on-line calculator. Assumptions: as a first approximation, the spacecraft is modeled as a free standing column resting upon the engines.
The column is "thin-walled", that is, the column radius divided by the hull thickness is less than 0. The column is only supported by its walls monocoque construction. The column has its mass uniformly distributed along its length.
The ratio of column's length to its diameter is 3. The hull is assumed to be capable of withstanding forces equal to its mass times gs of acceleration on any axis: axial, lateral, or bending. Decide upon the volume, or total displacement of the hull in cubic meters m 3. This will boil down to volume for reaction mass plus volume for the crew and cargo.
Calculate the volume for your reaction mass by. If you don't know the mass of the propellant, it can be calculated from the dry mass and the mass ratio:. Add the volume of the reaction mass to the desired living space volume to get the spacecraft's volume. Now comes the fun part.
This is going to be what they call an "iterative process". This means you do the calculations, take the results and do the calculations again on the results. Since this is an iterative process to calculate M st , the first time through M st will be equal to zero. Note: Mr. Thrash informs me that an aeronautical engineer of his acquaintance is of the opinion that while the equation in step 4 works fine for a small rocket with a ten ton payload, the equation does not scale well if used for a larger rocket.
The engineer is sure that V sr will almost always be enough to resist buckling as well. Use the new value for M st and start over. Repeat until the value for M st stops changing or you get tired.
When you have your final value for M st , and M, use M to check and see if the spacecraft's mass ratio is still acceptable. Remember that the mass of the propellant tanks will be approximately equal to full propellant mass times 0.
The tank mass will be included in the structural mass, if the ship designer is not totally incompetent. There are equations for calculating the internal volume of various geometric shapes. What you have to do is approximate your spacecraft design using only these shapes. A sphere is easy. A classic cigar shape is sort of a cylinder with a cone on each end.
You'll find a crude example of that here. If you have a physical model of your spacecraft, you can try estimating its displacement by caulking it water-tight, immersing it in a container of water, and measuring the water it displaces. Alternatively, fill a box with sand, dump the sand into measuring cups to measure the volume of sand, put the model in the box and fill it with sand, dump the sand out into measuring cups, and finally subtract the two volumes to discover the volume of the model.
Finally, you can hire a computer artist to use your blueprints to create a computer model in Lightwave then use the AreaVolume plug-in to determine the volume of the model. Alternatively, you can proceed like graphic artist Myn.
The following tips are specific to the Blender software , but an artist skilled with another 3D computer modeling program could adapt the tips to their software. Guessing the volume of spacecraft isn't accurate in most cases. Boxy shapes aren't the most pleasing, and computing volume or area of curved surface by hand is tedious and hard.
So the best approach is to let the computer [do the] work for you. In Blender, there is no build-in way to compute volume of objects. But there exist scripts than can do this. One of the is Quantities Bill by Yorik.
It computes length, area or volume depending on the topology of mesh. If you have the shape of the spacecraft in your mind, let it pass the test. Roughly model the hull, propellant tank or crew compartment it must be one object, with no holes in it so you can get the volume.
If you want to know the area of hull, simply remove the smallest face from the mesh and run the script. The figures aren't exact this depends on how precisely you modelled the hull , but they are obtained fast, and it's easy to [re-calculate the figures if you alter the shape of the hull]. This is easy to guess in case of homogeneous objects. But spaceships aren't that case. When you know the mass of spacecraft, rough location of components and their estimated weight, you can try to search for the center of gravity COG.
Decide the weight of each vertex, and then add as many as you'll need. Logically, the sum of them should be equal to total mass of ship.
To get the COG, simply select all vertexes and make sure the pivot is set to Median point. That depends on the shape of the ship. If you have several spots where they look good, you can test the placement. This involves rendering the image and then using histogram to interpret the rendered result.
First create two materials. Now to the environment settings. Turn on Ambient Occlusion , make the Sub button pushed so it darkens occluded spots , ensure that Energy is 1.
Open the rendered image in an image editor. I use GIMP, but only the histogram is important. Now set the lower value in histogram to the lowest non-zero number remember the pitch black background? The most important is Mean value, this is the average value of all pixels on radiator. Divide this number by to get the percentage of unoccluded area. There rest is probably heating up the ship, so change try with another radiator position.
This method has some weak points, but it is good enough for some decisions. The fully occluded pixels aren't taken into account, the precision increases with samples, the edges aren't treated well they are not full white, if antialiasing is on.
I must say that I am very impressed with Myn. I am reasonably skilled with Blender, but it never occurred to me that it could be used to find centers of gravity and optimal heat radiator placement. A gentleman who goes by the handle Dogmatic Pyrrhonist and TiktaalikDreaming is a noted crafter of spacecraft mods for the simulation game Kerbal Space Program.
He is using Blender 3D as his modeling program. He wanted to add some heat radiators because GCR need lots of them , when he became aware of the dangers of neutron embrittlement, neutron activation, and radiation scattering. It seems that William Black was working on a similar project. Using 3d ray casting as it was originally intended. Each radiation emitter gets its own colour, so I can see what might be the cause of anything getting past the shield.
Which is important, as there's a world of difference between active fission cores and a bit of stored uranium. Most of the non emitting structure uses a rough translucent blender material so it can scatter, emulating, well, scatter , and re-emission. The shadow shield itself I did as a reflective opaque, although that isn't quite true. It's reflective to high energy electromagnetic gamma , but absorbent to neutrons. Above the shadow shield though, are the uranium tanks.
And although they themselves are emitting neutrons and other things, you really really don't want them getting hit with bonus neutrons. There's also the tungsten dust tanks, and as that exists to absorb, I used an opaque material for them, although the radiation they're collecting, it didn't make a big difference. Looking up past the plume volume emitter material there's a faint blue tinge for the plume's emission on the structural ring around the top.
I'm mostly ok with that because from last time I did this it became apparent there's absolutely no way to prevent all the radiation from the plume. You can minimise, but not remove. And why am I checking the radiation from the plume? This is a model of an open cycle gas core reactor nuclear thermal rocket , so the exhaust has fission fuel and products in it.
Anyway, now almost a Kerbal Space Program mod. Still needs a better plume and several square km of radiator slight exaggeration. He is also using Blender 3D. When William Black read Ron Fischer's brilliant suggestion, he quote "found this to be a compelling proposition, an opportunity to test out the validity of my design" unquote.
Something like Myn. The trajectory of space probes in general and the Pioneer probes in particular should follow precisely Newton's Laws of Motion. Once you've accounted for all the extra factors, of course. So scientists were quite upset when the probes started to gradually diverge from their calculated trajectory. There are all sorts of proposed explanations, ranging from observational errors to new laws of physics.
Others have tried and found wanting the hypothesis that heat radiated from the probes could be the culprit. But Dr. Francisco et al submit that this is because the radiation mathematical models are too simplistic.
Phong shading takes into account not just the heat radiated, but the heat that hits parts of the probe's structure and is reflected from it. How much does a spacecraft cost? I have no idea. With a deep discount for second and third-hand spacecraft. As I said this depends on lots of assumption, read the link to find more details and so you can fiddle with the factors yourself.
Figuring the surface area of a spacecraft is about the same level of difficulty as figuring the internal volume. The same techniques apply: approximate the spacecraft as a series of easy to calculate shapes, or use a CGI package that can calculate it for you. Usually it isn't worth the bother unless you are trying to figure the mass of the armor required for a warship.
Or you worry if there is enough space on the hull to place all the stuff you want to put. Surface area goes up at a square function , volume at a cubic function. Everything fights for surface area on the hull of the ship � if you want more weapons, you need surface area to mount them.
If you want sensors or radiators, ditto. Don't forget docking ports, fuel tank hookups, and everything else you'll want. If you're using plausible engines with thrusts rated in double digit milligees as opposed to the over-the-top engines I use for Attack Vector: Tactical , it's more and more likely that your ship will look like a fusion torch with a christmas tree that's been well and truly loved by a cat on top of it.
The lesser your surface area for a given volume, the less armor you need for a given rate of protection. For a generalized case, most internal components can, as Rick likes to point out, be approximated by aircraft parts for unit density. Surface naval ships range from average density of 0.
This sort of disparity is why freighters in the Ten Worlds aren't sitting ducks. They're sitting ducks with two broken wings and both feet stapled to a stump, painted bright flourescent orange. When dealing with kinetics, that disparity of thrust really changes the available defenses and offensive capabilities. Fuel on the launch platform is a weapon, and the target's evasion parameter is set by how much thrust it can generate in a unit of time.
The cylinder is more aerodynamic for take-off and landing on planets with atmospheres , and allows the use of a smaller anti-radiation shadow shield because from the point of view of the reactor the body of the ship subtends a smaller angle. It also lends itself well to the tumbling pigeon concept since it does not have to spin as fast as a sphere of the same volume in order to generate the same centrifugal gravity.
Drawbacks include a larger surface area, and a larger " moment of inertia " for yaw and pitch maneuvers but a lower moment of inertia for roll maneuvers. This means it takes forever to point the ship's nose in different directions as compared to a sphere, which means poor maneuverability See short story "Hide and Seek" by Sir Arthur C.
Clarke for details. Larger gyros or stronger attitude jets will be needed. A faster roll rate is actually not of much use, unless you are trying to get a weapon turret to bear on an enemy ship See the wargame Attack Vector: Tactical for details. Cylinder shapes are also better if your ship has a so-called " spinal mount " weapon, that is, where instead of mounting a weapon on your ship you instead build the ship around the weapon.
Such weapons are typically long and skinny, which fits the profile of a cigar more than a sphere. Spheres have the largest enclosed volume for the smallest surface area of any shape, which is a major advantage where every gram of structural mass is a penalty. They also have a smaller moment of inertia for yaw and pitch maneuvers.
Drawbacks are the opposite of the cylinder: they are only slightly more aerodynamic than a brick, they don't shadow shield well, and they are lousy tumbling pigeons. Spheres also require more internal support structure than cylinder to handle the same acceleration load, particularly if you're going to be putting decks inside of it that rely on the structural framework of the spheroidal hull for rigidity. Cylinders under acceleration support themselves in the same manner as a skyscraper building, spheres need extra bracing to keep the equator from sagging.
Of course this only becomes a problem if the acceleration is greater than a tenth of a gee, neither spheres nor cylinders have any problem coping with milligee acceleration. On the other tentacle, if the shape has to be pressurized, like a fuel tank or a crew compartment, non-spherical shapes require more bracing mass and are more expensive to construct than spherical shapes.
Ken Burnside noted that another drawback of a sphere is that your internal volume is going to have a lot of "wasted dead spaces" near the hull. Odd shaped volumes that are what happens when you have an interior wall sectioning off part of the curved surface of the sphere.
Anybody who has tried to lay out a floor plan inside a Buckminster Fuller geodetic dome house knows the problem. Because it is more difficult to manufactured girders and plates that are bent compared to straight ones. A cylinder is constructed using straight stringers. The frames are circular, but all the frames have the same radius and radius of curvature.
A sphere on the other hand uses curved stringers and circular frames all of different sizes well, there are actually two frames of each given radius, but you understand the point I'm trying to make.
On most modern wet-navy warships, the hull plates are mostly straight, with a few bent in one dimension, and only a couple bent spherically in two dimensions. Bending is expensive. Eliminating the bending cost will require one and perhaps two breakthroughs in manufacturing technology. Many early designs were cylindrical but also carrying a winged landing craft.
This gave the spacecraft the appearance of an arrow or a spear. Granted, the landing craft was usually for the return trip to land the astronauts on Terra, but there were a couple intended for landing on Mars, and even one for landing on a hypothetical planet with an atmosphere around another star.
Now launching an spear-type spacecraft into orbit from Terra surface or other planet with an atmosphere has a problem of stability, due to the large landing craft wings.
As Tim McGaha noted: "there's a reason the fletching isn't on the front of the arrow. Otherwise the rocket will tumble. Remember that the end of the ship the flames shoot out of should point toward the ground if you want to go to space.
If it starts pointing toward space you are having a bad problem and you will not go to space today. Stephan Jones points out: "The Titan missiles that would have been used to boost the proposed Dyna Soar rocket glider would have had fins strapped on, to counter the aerodynamic mess created by a winged body up top.
So I guess this means you use "arrow" configuration when boosting from the surface of a planet with an atmosphere, while you can get away with using "spear" configuration in vacuum. These designs are spears. Either they are to be launched in vacuum, or the artist didn't get the memo.
Other ship geometries are possible. In Sir Arthur C. Clarke's Islands in the Sky there is an Terra -Mars passenger liner shaped like a doughnut torus. The power plant and propulsion system is in the hole, and the ship spins for centrifugal gravity. And there is also the open-frame design, where components are attached wherever is convenient and braced by girders.
The von Braun Moonship from the Collier's article is an example. Usually spacecraft will NOT have their floors parallel to the exhaust direction, i. This is the idiotic "Confusing-a-spaceship-with-an-passenger-airliner" school of ridiculous spacecraft design, found in science fiction with moronically bad science such as Star Trek, Star Wars, Battlestar Galactica and practically all the rest.
Get it through your head: Rocket Are Not Boats people! The only way this will work is with some sort of hand-waving paragravity. And even then why would anybody use such a stupid layout? If the paragravity fails, the rear wall abruptly becomes the floor, the floor becomes the wall, everybody falls to the new floor and breaks their ankles, and all the control panels are out of reach on the freaking ceiling.
Now what, Flash Gordon? If you are going to be routinely dueling with Klingon battle cruisers, you do not want a minor weapons hit on the paragravity generator rendering the entire blasted ship inoperable. Just make the floors parallel to the exhaust direction like Heinlein intended, and you'll eliminate that failure mode.
In any event, in the realm of spacecraft design, fail-deadly designs are frowned upon. But what's this? The ship's name plate looks upside down! Did the special effects artists make a mistake? WRONG , you trekkie! Ships do not move through space on their bellies like an airplane. The producers of The Expanse got it exactly right. Ships move vertically like a sky-scraper. If we view it that way:. The Expanse gets a big platinum star from me for that bit of accuracy.
With the exception of the movies I don't recall anybody getting that correct well, also maybe SyFy's Ascension , but that almost doesn't count. And that is only the start of things they got right. I love this show. As always there are exceptions. There are only two situations where it actually makes sense to use the passenger-airliner arrangement:. The drawback is the crew spaces have to be arranged to accomodate both orientations.
Or the FLIP ship. Things get confusing if you have a spacecraft equipped with a centrifuge for artificial gravity. Under thrust with centrifuge deactivated, "down" is in the direction of thrust.
With no thrust and centrifuge spinning, "down" is in the direction away from the spin axis. Under thrust with centrifuge spinning, "down" will be in a weird corner direction that is the vector sum of the two accelerations. There are ways of dealing with this. There was an interesting hybrid in Larry Niven's World of Ptavvs. The "honeymoon special" was laid out sideways like an aircraft. The spacecraft resembled a huge arrow.
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