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Oxygen is the by-product of photosynthesis. Carbohydrate is subsequently converted into starch and is stored in leaves and other storage parts. The splitting of water molecules is a part of the light reaction.
Stomata � Life Processes Class 10 Notes Stomata: These are tiny pores present in the epidermis of leaf or stem through which gaseous exchange and transpiration occur. Functions of stomata Exchange of gases, O 2 and CO 2. Loses a large amount of water water vapour during transpiration. Opening and closing of stomatal pores: The opening and closing of stomatal pores are controlled by the turgidity of guard cells. When guard cells uptake water from surrounding cells, they swell to become a turgid body, which enlarges the pore in between Stomatal Opening.
While, when water is released, they become flaccid shrinking to close the pore Stomatal Closing. Significance of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the main way through which solar energy is made available for different living beings.
Green plants are the main producers of food in the ecosystem. All other organisms directly or indirectly depend on green plants for food. The process of photosynthesis also helps in maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air. Heterotrophic Nutrition � Life Processes Class 10 Notes The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another organism is called heterotrophic nutrition.
Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition, the organism secretes the digestive juices on the food. The food is digested while it is still to be ingested. The digested food is then ingested by the organism. All the decomposers follow saprophytic nutrition. Some insects, like houseflies, also follow this mode of nutrition. Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the digestion happens inside the body of the organism.
Most of the animals follow this mode of nutrition. Parasitic Nutrition: The organism which lives inside or outside another organism host and derives nutrition from it is known as parasites and this type of mode of nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. For example Cuscuta, tick etc. Nutrition in Amoeba Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows after the ingestion of food. Thus, digestion takes place inside the body of the organism. Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz.
Steps of Holozoic Nutrition: Ingestion: The process of taking in the food is called ingestion. Digestion: The process of breaking complex food substances into simple molecules is called digestion. Simple molecules, thus obtained, can be absorbed by the body. Absorption: The process of absorption of digested food is called absorption. Assimilation: The process of utilization of digested food, for energy and for growth and repair is called assimilation.
Egestion: The process of removing undigested food from the body is called egestion. Alimentary Canal: It comprises of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
Salivary glands are also present in the mouth. The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense of taste. The tongue helps in turning over the food so that saliva can be properly mixed in it. Teeth help in breaking down the food into smaller particles so that, swallowing of food becomes easier. There are four types of teeth in human beings. The incisor teeth are used for cutting the food. The canine teeth are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard substances.
The premolars are used for the coarse grinding of food. The molars are used for fine grinding of food. Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movement. Stomach Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly muscular walls of the stomach help in churning the food. The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid kills the germs which may be present in food. Moreover, it makes the medium inside the stomach as acidic.
The acidic medium is necessary for gastric enzymes to work. The enzyme pepsin, secreted in the stomach, does partial digestion of protein. The mucus, secreted by the walls of the stomach saves the inner lining of the stomach from getting damaged from hydrochloric acid.
Large Intestine: Large intestine is smaller than the small intestine. Undigested food goes into the large intestine. Some water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the large intestine. After that, the undigested food goes to the rectum, from where it is expelled out through the anus.
Large Intestine bbsorb excess of water. The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. Respiration � Life Processes Class 10 Notes Types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, human respiratory system, respiration in plants. Steps of respiration: Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid.
Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms. Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types, viz. Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide.
Energy is released and water molecule is also formed at the end of this process. Anaerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in case of anaerobic respiration in Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Ch 6 Life Processes Science Reviews microbes, like yeast or bacteria.
Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells. This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles. During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. This is compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process. The deposition of lactic acid causes pain in the leg muscles.
The pain subsides after taking rest for some time. Exchange of gases: For aerobic respiration, organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen, and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be removed from the body. Different organisms use different methods for the intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple organisms for this purpose. In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. In complex animals, respiratory system does the job of exchange Ncert Solutions For 10th Science Life Process Statistics of gases. Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen which is dissolved in water through gills.
Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster. Insects have a system of spiracles and trachease which is used for taking in oxygen. Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases.
Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower as compared to what it is in fishes. Human respiratory system � Life Processes Class 10 Notes The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs.
Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system: Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hair help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx.
This is also called voice box. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside the lung. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood.
The exchange of gases, in alveoli, takes place due to the pressure differential. Passage of air through the respiratory system in human beings: Breathing Mechanism The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostalis muscles.
The diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber from the abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and the air is inhaled. When the diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air are exhaled. Transportation � Life Processes Class 10 Notes Circulatory system of human being, transportation in plants. Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed of cardiac muscles. The heart is a pumping organ which pumps the blood.
The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz. Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called systole. Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles is called diastole. Arteries: These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to different organs. Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes place. Veins: These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood from different organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.
Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of blood. Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have single-celled walls.
Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid which is mostly composed of water. Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood. Bloods cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz. Haemoglobin readily combines with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The transport of oxygen happens through haemoglobin. Some part of carbon dioxide is also transported through haemoglobin. They play important role in the immunity. Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a defense mechanism which prevents excess loss of blood, in case of an injury. Lymph: Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph.
Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes to the intercellular space in the tissues. This fluid is collected through lymph vessels and finally return to the blood capillaries. Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system. Lymph a yellowish fluids escape from the blood capillaries into the intercellular spaces contain less proteins than blood. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying germs.
Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and minerals. It is composed of trachids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre. Tracheids and xylem vessels are the conducting elements.
The xylem makes a continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stem and right up to the veins of leaves. Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other part of the plant. Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food.
Phloem is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and bast fibers. Sieve tubes are the conducting elements in phloem. Carries product of photosynthesis from roots to other part of the plant.
Transportation in plants Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to different plant parts is called ascent of sap. They are explained as follows : Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin.
Water from soil enters the root hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement of water up to the base of the stem. Capillary action: A very fine tube is called capillaiy, water, or any liquid, rises in the capillary because of physical forces and this phenomenon is called capillary action. Water, in stem, rises up to some height because of capillaiy action.
Adhesion-cohesion of water molecules: Water molecules make a continuous column in the xylem because of forces of adhesion and cohesion among the molecules. Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and lenticels, in plants, is called transpiration. Transpiration through stomata creates vacuum which creates a suction, called transpiration pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column from the xylem tubes and thus, water is able to rise to great heights in even the tallest plants.
Transport of food: Transport of food in plants happens because of utilization of energy. Thus, unlike the transport through xylem, it is a form of active transport. Moreover, the flow of substances through phloem takes place in both directions, i. Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant. Functions Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating pull. Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
Excretion in human beings: Removal of harmful waste from the body is called excretion. Many wastes are produced during various metabolic activities. These need to be removed in time because their accumulation in the body can be harmful and even lethal for an organism.
Human Excretory System: The human excretory system is composed of a pair of kidneys. A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes to the urinary bladder. Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it is expelled out through urethra as and when required. Excretory system of human beings includes : A pair of kidneys. A urinary bladder. A pair of the ureter. A urethra. Kidney: Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity.
The kidney is composed of many filtering units, called nephrons. Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney. Nephron It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a filtering part, called glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery is attached. The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is called afferent arteriole and the one receiving blood from the glomerulus is called efferent arteriole. Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which finally goes to the ureter.
Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron. Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens up into the collecting duct and then into the ureter. Excretion in Plants Other wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them. Question 2 What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products? Answer: i The plants get rid of gaseous products-through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems.
Question 3 How is the amount of urine produced regulated? Answer: The amount of urine is regulated by kidney. It depends on the quantity of excess water and wastes dissolved in water. When water is less in quantity in the body tissues, a small quantity of concentrate urine is excreted. When there is more quantity of dissolved wastes in the body, more quantity of water is required to excrete them. Therefore, the amount of urine produced increases. Question 1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for i nutrition ii respiration iii excretion iv transportation Answer: iii Excretion.
Question 2 The xylem in plants are responsible for i transport of water ii transport of food iii transport of amino acids iv transport of oxygen Answer: i Transport of water. Question 3 The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires i carbon dioxide and water ii chlorophyll iii sunlight iv all of the above Answer: iv All of the above. Question 4 The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in i cytoplasm ii mitochondria iii chloroplast iv nucleus Answer: ii Mitochondria.
Question 5 How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? Answer: Digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine. Bile juice secreted by the liver poured in the intestine along with pancreatic juice. The bile salts present in the bile juice emulsify fhe large globules of fats. Therefore, by enulsification large globules break down into fine globules to provide larger surface area to act upon by the enzymes. Lipase enzyme present in the pancreatic juice causes break down of emulsified fats.
Glands present in the wall of small intestine secrete intestinal juice which contains lipase enzyme that converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Question 6 What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? Answer: Saliva contains salivary amylase enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars like maltose.
Saliva keeps the mouth cavity clean and moistens the food that help in chewing and breaking down the big pieces of food into smaller ones. Question 7 What are the necessary conditions or autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products? Answer: Necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition : i Presence of chlorophyll in the living cells.
By-product of auto tropic nutrition is oxygen. Question 8 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Question 9 How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? Answer: i The alveoli are thin walled and richly supplied with a network of blood vessels to facilitate exchange of gases between blood and the air filled in alveoli. Hence, provide maximum surface for exchange of gases.
Question 10 What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies? Answer: Due to the deficiency of haemoglobin in blood, its oxygen carrying capacity decreases. As a result the production of energy by oxidation will become slower. Therefore, one would fall sick and would feel fatigue most of the time.
Question 11 Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary? Answer: In our heart blood enters twice and also pumped out twice from the heart. The deoxygenated blood from the body is brought to the right atrium through vena cava from where it is sent to right ventricle. From right ventricle, the blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery.
The oxygenated blood from lungs again enters the left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins. From left atrium it is send to left ventricle, from where this oxygenated blood is pumped to different parts of body through the arteries. Necessity of double circulation: The right side and the left side of the human heart are useful to keep deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing.
This type of separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in case of humans who constantly need energy to maintain their body temperature. Question 12 What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem? Question 13 Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.
Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals. Question 1 How are fats digested in our bodies? Solution: The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on fats. Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules, which make it difficult for enzymes to act on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine contain glands, which secrete intestinal juice.
The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Question 2 What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? This is actually not only water, but also a fluid called saliva secreted by the salivary glands. Another aspect of the food we ingest is its complex nature.
If it is to be absorbed from the alimentary canal, it has to be broken into smaller molecules. This is done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes. The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch, which is a complex molecule to give sugar. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue.
Question 3 What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts? Solution: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water, which is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant. The carbohydrates, which are not used immediately, are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve to be used as and when required by the plant. Question 4 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Solution: The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for various life processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways � some use oxygen to breakdown glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water; some use other pathways that do not involve oxygen.
In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air oxygen , it is called anaerobic respiration.
Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria. This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide.
The other product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air oxygen , it is called aerobic respiration. The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process. Question 5 How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Solution: Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, which finally terminate in balloon-like structures, which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels.
As we have seen in earlier years, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result.
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
Question 6 Describe double circulation in human beings. Solution: The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The adult human heart consists of two separated pumps, the right side with the right atrium and ventricle which pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood re-enters the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
This part of the circulation is called as systemic circulation. This type of circulation is called double circulation. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure.
Question 1. Yeast respires anaerobically using sugar as a substrate. Out of the options given below, choose the correct combination of condition and product? Answer: c Under an aerobic condition, yeast respires and converts glucose to alcohol and CO 2.
Question 2. The table shows the percentage composition of four samples of air. Which sample could have been breathed out by a person after vigorous exercise? Answer: b This is because rapid aerobic respiration occurs � during vigorous exercise in order to obtain more energy. Question 3. Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of a lactic acid b acetic acid c excess of water d ethanol Answer: a Lactic acid is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate when oxygen is insufficient in muscles instead of forming C02 and water.
Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles causes cramps. Question 4. Which of the following plays nose like function in plants? Answer: a When a person breathes deeply the external intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to swing up and out. Also, the diaphragm contracts and flattens causing the thoracic cavity to increase in volume and decrease in pressure.
Question 6. The diagram given above shows part of the lining of the human trachea. What is the function of X? The constant action of these cilia carry mucus and debris upward into the pharynx where they are swallowed. Question 7. The table given below shows the percentage composition of a gas in inspired and in expired air. What is the gas? Nutrition Nutrition is the process by which source of energy food is transferred from outside the body of the organism to the inside.
Most of the food sources are also carbon-based on Earth and depending on the complexity of these carbon sources different organisms use different kinds of nutritional processes.
Autotrophic Nutrition: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. Heterotrophic Nutrition: Heterotrophs depend on other organisms for their nutrition. Respiration It is the process by which organism uses the food material to produce energy. Diverse organisms do this in different ways: Energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell.
Large inter-cellular spaces ensure that all cells are in contact with air. Direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental conditions and the requirements of the plant. For e. CO 2 elimination majorly takes place at night while oxygen release is the major event of the day time. Haemoglobin in RBC of blood transport O 2 from lungs to various tissues of the body.
Life Process The processes which maintain the body functions and are required for the survival of living being are called life processes. Some of the important life processes are nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion etc.
Nutrition In Human Beings The alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus. The food is then passed to stomach via oesophagus. The peristaltic movements occur all along the gut which helps in pushing the food forward. In stomach, pepsin helps in protein digestion. It receives pancreas and liver secretions. The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption. Large intestine absorbs water from the unabsorbed food.
Oxygenation of blood: Invertebrates such as birds, mammals etc which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature, blood goes through heart twice during each cycle which is known as double circulation. Transport of Water. Excretion The biological process involved in removal of harmful metabolic wastes from body is called excretion.
Many unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion from body surface into surrounding water. However, complex multi-cellular organisms use specialised organs to perform this function. Answer: Processes essential for maintaining life are : i Nutrition ii Respiration iii Transportation iv Excretion Page Number: Question 1 What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer: Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition i In this mode of nutrition an organism makes or synthesizes its own food. Page Number: Question 1 What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? Page Number: Question 1 What are the components of the transport system in human beings? Page Number: Question 1 Describe the structure and functions of nephrons.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Textbook Chapter End Questions Question 1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for i nutrition ii respiration iii excretion iv transportation Answer: iii Excretion Question 2 The xylem in plants are responsible for i transport of water ii transport of food iii transport of amino acids iv transport of oxygen Answer: i Transport of water Question 3 The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires i carbon dioxide and water ii chlorophyll iii sunlight iv all of the above Answer: iv All of the above Question 4 The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in i cytoplasm ii mitochondria iii chloroplast iv nucleus Answer: ii Mitochondria Question 5 How are fats digested in our bodies?
Answer: Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. It takes place in the absence of oxygen. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration.
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