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The Migration Observatory informs debates on international migration and public policy. Learn more about us. By Peter William Walsh. Recent reports of migrants crossing the English Channel in small boats have reignited a debate about unauthorised migration and asylum seeking in the UK. This commentary reviews what is known about migrants crossing the English Channel in small boats. The Home Office does not regularly publish a running total, though it has relevant administrative records and occasionally releases figures.
In oral evidence to the Home Affairs Committee on 3 September , Tierney stated that 5, people had crossed the English Channel in small boats in A second official count is found in a letter of 2 September from the Home Secretary to the Home Affairs Committee. This suggests that 2, migrants were detected in July and August.
The number of people detected are broken down by quarter Figure 1. These numbers refer to both people detected at sea and brought to the UK, as well as those detected within the UK where authorities believed individuals arrived by small boat, even if no boat was found.
They do not include those who were prevented from departing France, or who were intercepted by French authorities and returned to France. Although the number of people detected crossing the English Channel has increased, with a large majority of these people claiming asylum once they reach the UK, the overall number of people seeking asylum in the UK fell considerably in , probably because of the closure due to the Covid pandemic of other routes, such as air and road Figure 1.
Reports of migrants attempting to enter the UK clandestinely by crossing the Channel go back a long way. In , the Red Cross built the Sangatte refugee camp near Calais, in response to asylum seekers fleeing conflict in the Balkans and elsewhere collecting near to the Eurostar tracks.
The camp was closed in , but some asylum seekers remained there, and the area continued to attract migrants planning to reach the UK, with many sleeping rough. The problem rose to prominence again in At that time, the focus was on migrants attempting to enter the UK without authorisation by stowing away on ships, such as passenger ferries, and on trucks, cars and trains passing through the Channel Tunnel.
At that time, the Jungle was estimated to be home to seven thousand migrants. Despite the closure of Sangatte to prevent Eurostar stowaways, and the clearance of the Calais Jungle to prevent lorry and ferry stowaways, crossings continue, having been recorded regularly since late Campaigners argue that this is because people seeking asylum have little choice but to enter the UK irregularly and via clandestine means, as there are no safe and legal alternatives.
It is not possible to apply for asylum from outside the UK. The representative to the UK of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has stated that more stringent controls on road travel, and the coronavirus pandemic, have had the effect of closing off lorry and air routes to the UK, leading to more people using alternative means � such as crossing the Channel in small boats.
This is supported by the fact that a rise in small boat crossings has coincided with a fall in the overall number of people seeking asylum. This stated that around half of those making the crossing from 1 January to 30 June were Iranian, and around a quarter were Iraqi Figure 2.
However, we do have official information regarding how many Channel migrants claimed asylum for up until September. Although we do not have any more data on the outcomes of the asylum claims of Channel migrants, we do know that in recent years more than half of asylum applications result in a grant of asylum or other form of permission to stay, taking into account successful appeals Figure 3. Notably, the likelihood of people being granted asylum varies widely from nationality to nationality, with the nationalities that are most common among Channel migrants, like Iranian and Syrian, having a higher-than-average likelihood of being ultimately granted asylum or another form of leave Table 1.
There is no law that says asylum seekers must make their asylum claim in the first safe country they arrive in after leaving their country of origin. However, under an EU law called the Dublin III Regulation, asylum seekers can be transferred to the first EU member state in which they arrived after leaving their origin country.
However, it is not clear how many were returned under the Dublin regulation. There are, however, official statistics on the total number of Dublin returns. These statistics show that in recent years a small fraction of asylum seekers are returned to other EU member states under the Dublin regulation.
In the five-year period to , almost , people applied for asylum in the UK � while there were only 1, Dublin transfers out of the country Figure 4. To maintain the option of returning an asylum seeker to their first EU country of entry, the UK will have to enter into an agreement with either the EU as a whole or with individual member states. Without such agreements, the UK will probably have to consider the claim of every person who seeks asylum here.
As an island nation, the UK has in recent years generally received fewer asylum seekers than other more accessible European states, such as Germany, France, Greece, Italy and Spain.
Nevertheless, many people planning to claim asylum identify the UK as their preferred destination. But to claim asylum in the UK, a person must first reach the UK.
It is not possible to apply for asylum abroad, and there is no asylum visa, and no legal way of entering the UK for the specific purpose of seeking asylum. By Peter William Walsh Recent reports of migrants crossing the English Channel in small boats have reignited a debate about unauthorised migration and asylum seeking in the UK. How many migrants have crossed the English Channel in small boats?
Figure 1. Newsletter sign up Follow us on twitter Like us on facebook Watch us on vimeo. Connections This Migration Observatory is kindly supported by the following organisations.
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