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The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia , with a population of over 1. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and is the main center of river tourism in Russia.
In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches. In Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire.
In at a fair , an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period , the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period.
Then the city was given the nickname "Russian Detroit ". Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again.
In , the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. The Kremlin � the main center of the Small Wooden Sketch Pad 3.0 city � contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. Novgorodian is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod , in northwestern Russia.
Originally the name was just Novgorod "Newtown" , but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod Veliky Novgorod to the west, the city was commonly called "Novgorod of the Lower lands", or "Lower Newtown".
The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, at the Battle of the Sit River , the Mongols occupied the fortress.
Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers. Along with Moscow and Tver , Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke.
After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich � sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle , the Laurentian Codex , was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in , the local princes took the name Shuisky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV.
After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in , Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan.
The enormous red-brick kremlin , one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in � under the supervision of Peter the Italian. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in and In , the so-called "national militia", gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin , and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the " Time of Troubles " and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty.
The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky , although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on October 21, , an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed. In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs the wealthiest merchant family of Russia as a base for their operations.
A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style , developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above. In , the Makaryev Fair , one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually.
By the midth century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January was 97, The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moscow station in the Lower Area of Nizhny Novgorod.
Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant GAZ in the late s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther. There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair.
The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow�Kazan Railway Company in , but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat.
When he returned to the Soviet Union in on the invitation of Joseph Stalin , the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front.
During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mids.
November 20, in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during � to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in Minin and Pozharsky Square.
Church of the Nativity. The Spit confluence of Oka and Volga Rivers. Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street. The th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is a large-scale holiday. It will be celebrated in On September 22, , President of Russia Vladimir Putin signed the Decree [18] "On the celebration of the th anniversary of the founding of the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
In the official version year of foundation Nizhny Novgorod � First data appeared in the Lavrentievsky chronicles of the XIV century. City Day is celebrated on the third Saturday of August. The culmination of the celebration of the th anniversary will be celebrated from August 19 to 21, the closest dates to the actual date of the founding of the city.
Infrastructure program �City � updates the urban space and creates new places for residents. The program includes three areas: Symbols, Restoration and Environment Symbols [19] transformation and filling with new ideas of key urban places.
There are 7 objects that are symbols. Environment [20] - these are 33 objects and territories, as well as construction transport transition in the Sormovsky district. As part of the direction Restoration , [21] 69 houses are being restored on the historic city center territory, located on the main streets of the old Nizhny. Since May , residents submitted more than offers to the Nizhny portal.
Up to volunteers will participate in the organization of key events and projects. A volunteer [24] can be anyone aged 16 years, regardless of nationality. A year before the holiday, people applied for volunteers on the Nizhny portal. The theme of the Nizhniy Novgorod th anniversary is also present at international events. Vladimir Putin visited the pavilion of the th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod on the forum "Russia is a sports power".
In honor of the anniversary of will be made precious coins [25] of the Bank of Russia. Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:. Daylight saving time is no longer observed. In the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.
The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental Dfb , and it is similar to the climate in Moscow , although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Nizhny receives on average 1 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is Small Wooden Model Boat Kits in June 17 hours 44 minutes , the minimum - in December 6 hours 52 minutes.
In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ' cumulus cloud ' , and disappear towards the evening.
In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, days out of enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April.
A storm rarely takes place in winter here a few dates to mention are 27 November , 30 November , 14 February , and 3 December In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July.
We have been a a single to be essay about residing aboard. Underneath decks she has skrtch insulated reason of 4cu? They have been in all used for distraction though they can be employed for industrial functions as scrupulously .
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