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David Dellenbaugh is a champion helmsman, tactician, author, coach, rules expert and seminar leader who has spent his career helping sailors sail faster and smarter. Here are the learning resources that he has created to help you improve boat sailing close to the wind map racing skills. Almost everyone knows that boats cannot boat sailing close to the wind map straight into the wind.

It's a nice idea, but unfortunately it doesn't fit too well with the laws of nature. Trying to sail upwind is a little like driving up a mountain. You can't go straight up, so you have to follow a winding road, zig-zagging back and forth. In a sailboat, the hairpin turns are called tacks. To reach an upwind destination, you have to sail as close to the wind as you can, tacking back and forth between closehauled courses on starboard and port tacks.

This is one of the biggest challenges in sailing. It is also one of the most artistic. There's nothing like taking the helm on a windy day and settling into an upwind "groove" where the boat almost sails itself to windward. How close you can point to the wind depends on your boat, as well as on wind and sea conditions. The typical square rigger, for example, could only sail about 65 degrees to the wind.

This meant that from closehauled on starboard tack to closehauled on port tack was an angle of degrees. As you might guess, it took these boats a long time to make progress upwind; that's why they sailed routes in the "trade winds" where the breeze was behind them most of the way. It wasn't until the development of fore-and-aft sails that boats improved their upwind performance significantly. One of the reasons the English armada defeated the Spanish, for example, was their superior upwind ability.

This enabled the English to establish and maintain positions to windward of the larger Spanish ships, which gave them a huge fighting advantage. Today's sailboats can sail upwind better than. With more efficient keel and hull shapes, it's not uncommon for modern keelboats like Solings or Etchellss to sail 35 degrees to the wind.

When I sailed a Meter in the heavy winds off Perth, Australia, it was typical to sail a true wind angle as small as 32 degrees or a tacking angle of only 64 degrees!

This angle is narrowest when seas are smooth and winds are strong. When your destination is to windward, you have to sail closehauled, continually trying to point your boat as close to the wind as possible. This takes a bit of practice, because you can't just aim the boat for a buoy or a distant point on shore like you can at other times.

And there is no magic boat sailing close to the wind map to tell you when you are sailing closehauled. There are, however, a few guidelines. Preparation � Before you begin sailing upwind, sit on the windward rail with your hiking stick in one hand and mainsheet in the. Have your crew hold on to the jib sheet. Now feel the wind on your body. Use the wind ripples, telltales and masthead fly to get a rough idea of the wind direction.

Boat sailing close to the wind map the boat so you are heading perpendicular to the wind beam reaching. Sail trim � Now start trimming in both the mainsail and jib so your boat accelerates. As soon as you have some speed, start heading closer and closer to the wind. Each time you head up, trim your sails in a little tighter so they stop luffing.

When you reach a closehauled course about 45 degrees to the windyour sails should be trimmed in tightly. Where to look � The skipper should concentrate on the front part of the jib, along the luff of the sail. If you're on a boat without a jib, such as a Laser, watch the front part of the mainsail. You are looking for two things: 1 A bubble, or backwinding, along the front of the sail; and 2 Movement of the windward and leeward telltales on the sail.

Steering by the jib � I learned to sail upwind by using the front part of the jib as a guide. This is a good basic technique. With the sails trimmed in tight, keep trying to steer a little closer to the wind.

When the front part of the jib just starts to backwind or luffyou are sailing as close to the wind as possible. If you head up any farther, more of the wind will hit the back of the jib and a larger part of the sail will luff. This is called "pinching.

When you want to make distance to windward, continually try to point the boat as high as possible without pinching and slowing down too. Steering by the telltales � Another good way to know how high you can point is by watching the telltales on your jib. These pieces of yarn are usually taped on the sail about a foot back from the headstay. Start out by sailing closehauled with the telltales on each side of the sail streaming straight.

Then head up slightly. When the jib is about to luff, the windward telltales will start to lift up above a horizontal position.

This is a good upwind heading. If the windward telltales get more active than this and start to spin around, you are pinching too. Telltales will also indicate when you are not sailing as high as possible. If the leeward telltales start to flutter or drop out of a horizontal position, then you are sailing too low and losing distance to windward. In this case, head up until the leeward telltales straighten out and the windward telltales just begin to move.

Practicing � Finding the upwind groove is a matter of practice as much as. You just have to spend time sailing closehauled, watching the luff of the jib and telltales, and constantly trying to head a little higher without losing speed.

If you have a chance to sail upwind next to another boat, you'll get a quick and accurate idea of how efficient a job you're doing. Ultimately, if you can close your eyes and keep your boat going upwind, you'll know you really have the "feel". Steering a boat on a closehauled course is only part of the challenge of getting to an upwind destination. You can sail closehauled all day, but if you remain on one tack, you are only zigging and not zagging.

Making progress upwind requires sailing on both tacks. The act of tacking, by definition, takes you from one tack starboard or port to the other, with your bow swinging through the wind. The sails begin to luff as you push the tiller over, they flap wildly when you are head to wind, and then they fill again as you reach a closehauled course on the new tack.

Before you begin a tack, consider the following requirements:. If there is no water flowing over the rudder, the boat won't turn when you push the tiller. So don't try to tack when you're going slowly. Instead, turn the boat away from the wind boat sailing close to the wind map fill the sails and pick up speed. Tack only when the boat's momentum is sufficient to carry her around through the turn.

If you begin a tack from a reaching course with the sails half way out, it can be difficult to spin the boat all the way through the wind without losing speed.

So before you tack, trim your sails in to the Boat Sailing Close To The Wind Full center of the boat and head up to a closehauled course. So before you push the tiller over, look around to make boat sailing close to the wind map you have room to tack. Remember that while you are tacking, you must stay clear of other boats. Once you've got good speed on a closehauled course and have plenty of room on all sides, you are ready to tack.

Here is a step-by-step procedure of everything the skipper and crew should do before and during this maneuver. First of all, the boat sailing close to the wind map should tell the crew about boat sailing close to the wind map tacks. Not all crews are good mind readers. I remember boat sailing close to the wind map an unexpected tack in one race at a recent Thistle National Championships.

I had to avoid another boat and, unfortunately, didn't have time to warn my crew. When we came out of the tack, my crew was still in the hiking straps � under water on the leeward. The moral is if your crew is not ready, a tack can end up in disaster. To make sure everyone is ready, the skipper typically yells "Ready about? What the skipper is saying is: "I'm about to throw the helm.

Are you ready to let go of the old jib sheet, trim in the new and move to the other side? When I am racing, I boat sailing close to the wind map this procedure slightly. I tell my crew that when I say "Ready about," I'll assume they are ready to tack unless I hear an objection.

This usually works, but in a less pressured situation I'd suggest waiting for a positive response. Executing the tack itself is a skill that takes a little practice to perfect. The skipper's boat sailing close to the wind map move is to push the tiller to leeward, slowly at first and then faster as the boat reaches head to wind.

While this boat sailing close to the wind map happening, the skipper stands up, facing forward, moves across the cockpit and continues turning so he can sit on the new windward rail.

He exchanges the mainsheet and tiller behind his back just before or as he sits down, and then brings the tiller back to centerline as the sails fill on the new tack. The crew's job is usually a little easier. When the skipper says "Ready about," you should take the jib sheet out of the cleat and hold it.

Then grab the windward sheet and pull all the slack out of it. Just before the boat reaches head to wind and the whole boat sailing close to the wind map begins luffingrelease the old sheet making sure it runs freely and trim the new sheet.

While you're doing all this, you must move across the cockpit to the other. Just as with any maneuver, boat sailing close to the wind map is more effective if you use your weight and sails to help steer the boat. In racing, the aggressive use of crew weight during a tack is called roll tacking.

This technique works best for lightweight boats in light and medium winds.

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The principal points of sail roughly correspond to 45� segments of a circle, starting with 0� directly into the wind. For many sailing craft 45� on either side of the wind is a no-go zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible�approximately 45��is termed beating, a point of sail when the sails are close-hauled. Jun 13, �� Theory says if the boat has very high performance, such that the speed can increase freely to the point that the boat sails at the same apparent wind angle all the time, the optimum course to windward is 45 degrees plus half the apparent wind angle. Very few craft can come close to this ideal and must sail higher and slower. Fw= -{Fk+ Fd}. So a boat can sail close to the wind: typically 45� to the true Boat Sailing Close To The Wind Zone wind, although many high performance boats go closer than that. And it feels closer than 45�, as we'll see in diagrams below.

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