Ncert Solutions Class 10th Heredity And Evolution Number,Steamboat Springs Marriott 600,Diy Boat Kits Perth Designs - Downloads 2021
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A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. Answer: We can say that light eye colour trait is dominant because only dominant traits are expressed in the first generation. How are the areas of study � evolution and classification� inteilinked? Answer: Evolution and classification are interlinked with each other in many ways.
Classification is the most important term to explain evolution. It is based on the similarities and differences between two species or among two organisms. More closer the characteristics, the moe doser is the evolution and chances to be in the same group of classification. Thus, the classification of species is a reflection of their evolutionary relationship. Answer: Analogous organs are those organs which have different basic structural designs and developmental origins but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.
Examples: Wings of an insect and wings of a bat. Examples: Forelimbs of frog and forelimbs of human. Outline a project which alms to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Answer: A homozygous black RB male dog and a homozygous white bb female dog is taken and given to mate and produce offspring in F1 generation. If black colour is dominant out of every 4 dogs, 3 will be black and if white colour is dominant 3 out of 4 dogs will be white. Answer: Fossils and their study is useful to know about the species which are no longer alive.
They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution.
Thus, fossils have importance in deciding evolutionary relationships. Answer: Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that existed on early earth.
The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide and water, but no oxygen. So, life arose afresh on earth. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations that asexual reproduction. Answer: Variations occurring during sexual reproduction may be due to:. In asexually reproducing organisms only errors during DNA copying or mutations cause variations. Since the extent of variations is much larger in sexually reproducing organisms, therefore, the chances of evolution is also much in sexually reproducing These variations enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing conditions and also help to face the struggle for Over the time, they and rise to new species.
Answer: Genetically organisms are of types. As the chromosomes are the bearer of genes so haploids have single set of genes. A single gene determines the expression of character.
Both the father and mother contribute practically equal amount of genetic material to the child. It means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA. Answer: No, many of the times the variations are not advantageous to an individual organism but still survive in a population, e.
Most of the other variations not only give survival advantage to an individual but also contribute to genetic drift. Thus, we can say that most of the variations lead to better adaptation of an organism to the changing environment. In this way, it gives survival advantage to that organism and will also survive in the coming population. The science, which deals with study of heredity and variations is called a phylogeny b embryology c genetics d palaeontology Answer: c The genetics is the study of heredity and variations and includes their occurrence, causes, benefits, disadvantages, significance, etc.
Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between a reptiles and aquatic animals b birds and insects c reptiles and birds d birds and dinosaurs Answer: c Archaeopteryx is a connecting link- between the reptiles and birds. It appears like a bird, but has other features which are present in reptiles, e. For palaeontological studies a scientist will gather the evidences from a study of homology b study of analogy c fossils d All of these Answer: d Study of homologous and analogous organs indicates the origin and modification in organisms and study of fossils indicates the age and features of an organism.
In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with [NCERT] a a Chinese school boy b a chimpanzee c a spider d a bacterium Answer: a Chinese school boy because both of us belong to the same species, i. Homo sapiens. Aditya was observing some organisms in lab and tried to compare them. The presence of which organs will confirm to him that they share evolutionary history?
However, these organs perform different functions in different organisms. New species may be formed if I. DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells.
This leads to new variations. Which of the following statements is not true with respect to variation? Answer: a All variations in a species do not have equal chances of survival. Some of the variations may be so drastic that the new DNA copy cannot work with the cellular apparatus it inherits.
Such, a newborn cell dies soon. Select the statement that describes characteristics of genes. Answer: b Genes are stretches of DNA found on chromosomes of a cell.
A gene contains information for making proteins in a cell. A specific gene is located on a particular chromosome in individuals of a given species. If a round, green seeded pea plant RRyy is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant rrYY , the seeds produced in F1 � generation will be [NCERT Exemplar] a round and yellow b round and green c wrinkled and green d wrinkled and yellow Answer: a The cross between RRyy and rrYY seeds will produce RrYy round and yellow seeds in F1-generation, because round and yellow are the dominant traits.
From the list given below, select the character, which can be acquired but not inherited. The size of the body is an acquired trait because it can vary based on the availability of less or more food. The other three colour of eye and skin and nature of hair are characters inherited from the parents. According to the evolutionary theory, formation of a new species is generally due to [NCERT Exemplar] a sudden creation by nature.
Genetic drift accumulates different changes in sub-populations of a species. Also, natural selection may also operate differendy in the different geographic locations.
Eventually, different groups of new species will be formed. Select the incorrect statement. Answer: b The weight reduction due to starvation will not change the DNA of the germ cells, because low weight is not a trait that is genetically controlled or inherited.
Also, low weight parents may have heavy weight progeny. In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. Here, one is a normal-sized X-chromosome while other is a short Y-chromosome. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X. Rajneesh was studying the fossils of two different types, fossil A was found in upper layer of Earth and B in deeper layers. What can be predicted regarding the age of these fossils?
Fossil B found in deeper layer must have become extinct long time ago and deposition of other layers occurred over it during this period. Heredity Heredity refers to the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring by means of genes in the chromosomes. Observation: F 1 generation was tall Tt with no halfway characteristics. F 2 generation produced by self pollination of F 1 included tall and short plants in Thus, two copies of the trait are inherited in each sexually reproducing organism.
These two may be identical TT or tt or may be different Tt , depending on the parentage. Conclusion: This study leaded to the formulation of two laws: Law of dominance: states that only one character expresses itself in F, generation. Law of segregation: states that the two alleles of a character in an individual get separated or segregated during gamete formation and distributed randomly in gametes. Experiment 2: He crossed the plant with two different characteristics such as tall plant with round seed and short plant with wrinkled seed.
F 2 generation; tall plants with round seeds, tall with wrinkled seeds, short with round seeds, and short plants with wrinkled seeds in Conclusion: It formulated the law of independent assortment which states that genes of different characters located in different pairs of chromosomes are independent of one another in their segregation during gamete formation. Evolution And Classification Classification is the process by which organisms are grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.
Characters such as cell type prokaryote or eukaryote , single cell or multi cellular, presence or absence of nucleus, autotrophic such as photosynthesis or heterotrophic, sexual or asexual reproduction etc. The more characteristics two species will have in common, the more closely they are related. And the more closely they are related, the more recently they will have had a common ancestor. For e. Therefore, classification of species gives a reflection of their evolutionary relationship.
Tracing Evolutionary Relationships Few evidences which help us to trace evolutionary relationships among different organisms or species:. Page Number: Question 1. Answer: Different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population are as follow : If it gives the benefit of survival through natural selection. Due to a sudden increase in a particular trait in a population, i. Answer: The factors that would lead to the rise of a new species are the following : Geographical isolation of a population caused by various types of barriers such as mountain ranges, rivers and sea.
The geographical isolation leads to reproductive isolation due to which there is no flow of genes between separated groups of pupulation. Genetic drift caused by drastic changes in the frequencies of particular genes by chance alone.
Variations caused in individuals due to a natural selection. They tell about the gradual development of complex structured organisms from simple structured organisms. No, wing of a butterfly and wing of a bat cannot be considered as homologous organs because wings of a bat are skin folds in between the fingers and wings of an insect are membrane supported by muscles. They are analogous organs which have different basic structure but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.
So, they are able to produce fertile offsprings. In evolutionary terms, we can say that bacteria has a 'better' body design than spiders, fish and chimpanzees because though bacteria is one of the simplest and primitive life forms but still it inhabits and survives in some of the most inhostpitable habitats such as hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents and ice in Antarctica.
Other organisms cannot survive in such harsh habitats. Only dominant traits are transferred from the parents to the offspring in the first generation. Therefore, it can be concluded that light eye colour is dominant. Classification of species is a reflection of their evolutionary relationship. Thus, classification of an organism is the reflection of its evolutionary path.
Analogous organs: Those organs which have different basic structure but have similar appearance and perform similar functions are called analogous organs. Example - wings of bird and insect. Homologous organs: Those organs which have same basic structure but different functions are called homologous organs.
Example: fore limb of humans and fore limb of lizard. Dogs have a variety of genes that govern coat colour. There are at least eleven identified. A dog inherits one gene from each of its parents.
The dominant gene gets expressed in the phenotype. For example, in the B series, a dog can be genetically black or brown. Let us assume that one parent is homozygous black BB , while the other parent is homozygous brown bb gametes of black parent will be B,B and brown parent will be b,b.
In the F1 generation, all offsprings will be heterozygous Bb. Since black B is dominant, all the offsprings will be black.
However, they will have both B and b alleles. By studying characters of fossils, we are able to find their descendants and thus we can know what new variations have come.
They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution. Thus, fossils have an importance in deciding evolutionary relationship.
Haldane suggested that life must have developed from the simple inorganic molecules which were present on earth soon after it was formed. He speculated that the conditions on earth at that time could have given rise to more complex organic molecules that were necessary for life.
The first primitive organisms would have evolved from further chemical synthesis. Later, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey conducted experiment to find out about the origin of organic molecules. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that thought to exist on early earth molecules like ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide, but no oxygen over water. This was maintained at a temperature just below o C and sparks were passed through the mixture of gases to stimulate lightning.
This is how life originated from inanimate matter. Sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction because the genes of the traits are transmitted from one generation to another and dominant characters are expressed. While in the asexual reproduction, genes cannot be separated from the offspring, only the DNA of one parent is copied.
By this process, more and more variations are produced in the subsequent generationS. In this way, genetic drift will accumulate which causes the formation of new species.
Concept insight: Recall the importance of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. Enter the OTP sent to your number Change. Resend OTP. Don't miss this!
Ok Cancel. Ok Choose Chapter. Page No: Excercise 1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. An example of homologous organs is a our arm and a dog's fore-leg. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with a a Chinese school-boy. A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes.
On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Answer This information is not sufficient. For considering a trait as dominant or recessive, we need data of at least three generations.
This data is about only two generations. How are the areas of study - evolution and classification - interlinked? Answer Classification involves grouping of organism into a formal system based on similarities in internal and external structure or evolutionary history. Two species are more closely related if they have more characteristics in common.
And if two species are more closely related, then it means they have a more recent ancestor. For example, in a family, a brother and sister are closely related and they have a recent common ancestor i.
A brother and his cousin are also related but less than the sister and her brother. This is because the brother and his cousin have a common ancestor i. With subsequent generations, the variations make organisms more different than their ancestors.
This discussion clearly proves that we classify organisms according to their resemblance which is similar to creating an evolutionary tree. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples.
Answer Homologus organs are those organs which have the same basic structural design and origin but have different functions. For Example: The forelimbs of humans and the wings of birds look different externally but their skeletal structure is similar.
Analogus organs are those organs which have the different basic structural design and origin but have similar functions. For Example: The wings of birds and insects. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Answer Dogs have a variety of genes that govern coat colour. A dog inherits one gene from each of its parents. The dominant gene gets expressed in the phenotype.
For example, in the B series, a dog can be genetically black or brown. Since black B is dominant, all the offsprings will be black. However, they will have both B and b alleles. Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships. For example, feathers present in some dinosaurs means that birds are very closely related to reptiles. What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter? Answer The evidence for the origin of life from inanimate matter, was provided through an experiment, conducted in , by Stanley L.
Miller and Harold C. In experiment, they assembled an atmosphere containing molecules like ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide, but no oxygen, over water. This was similar to atmosphere that thought to exist on early earth. Thus, amply suggesting that life arose afresh on earth. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction.
How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually? In case of asexual reproduction, only the very small changes due to inaccuracies in DNA copying pass on the progeny. Thus, offsprings of asexual reproduction are more or less genetically similar to their parents. So, it can be concluded that evolution in sexually reproducing organisms proceeds at a faster pace than in asexually repoducing organisms.
How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? Answer In human beings, equal genetic contribution of male and female parents is ensured in the progeny through inheritance of equal number of chromosomes from both parents. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes All human chromosomes are not paired. Out of these 23 pairs, the first 22 pairs are known as autosomes and the remaining one pair is known as sex chromosomes represented as X and Y.
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