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You took hhll to Echoes in Time final week for the lass excursionadditionally unrelenting as well as crawl perspective displaying a carcass strains.

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In RSSB reduced the price of membership and audits for suppliers, and continued an ambitious programme of improvements to the scheme including a new benchmarking tool. In , the Executive was reincorporated as a body consisting of councillors drawn from the 12 Council Areas which succeeded Strathclyde Region.

It is part of the transport framework created by the Scottish Government, which is made up of a national transport agency, Transport Scotland, and seven Regional Transport Partnerships. As part of this latest reorganisation SPT gained responsibility for planning for all regional transport not just public transport though it lost several specific powers relating to rail franchising and concessionary fares.

SPT is the largest of the seven regional transport partnerships. It runs the Glasgow Subway, a host of specialist bus services and is responsible for delivering public transport. The Partnership consists of 20 elected members representing the twelve constituent authorities in the west of Scotland and between seven and nine appointed members.

Rail Glasgow has the largest network of suburban railway lines in the UK outside of London. SPT is no longer involved in the everyday operation of the rail network. Subway The Glasgow Subway is the only underground metro system in Scotland.

Originally built for the Glasgow District Subway Company, the railway first opened in And the only one that has never been expanded from its original route. The Subway forms a circle in the centrewest of Glasgow and carries 13 million passengers each year. The entire route is underground, contained in twin tunnels, 15 stations are distributed along the route length of over six miles. Eight of the stations.

The railway in its present form reopened for operation on 16 April In , SPT took a significant step forward in improving its Subway and is currently undergoing its biggest modernisation programme in more than 30 years.

Once the modernisation plan is complete, and it has been fully tested, the Subway will move from its current partially automatic trains to Unattended Train Operations UTO.

SPT administers a range of integrated travel tickets, such as ZoneCard, Roundabout and Daytripper giving discounted fares on buses, trains, ferries and the Subway. SYPTE develop and deliver a safe, reliable and accessible public transport network, supported by effective infrastructure.

They also do everything they can to encourage people and businesses across South Yorkshire to use public transport and to choose sustainable active travel options, including cycling and walking. SYPTE does not run any transport services directly, but specifies, pays for, develops and monitors local rail services.

It also provides region-wide information, manages the funding and administration of concessionary fares, provides bus stops and shelters, and operates interchanges throughout the region. SYPTE also provides travel information, administers prepaid ticket schemes and plans future investment in transport infrastructure and services. Launched in October the pilot will run for two years, offering people and businesses in South Yorkshire a new public transport option between two major hubs in the region.

The Tram Train pilot links heavy and light rail infrastructure, systems and operations together for the first time. It will help the rail industry to understand and assess the technical issues involved with planning and operating a Tram Train service; learning which will be shared to help determine whether Tram Trains can run in other parts of the country.

Transport Focus Transport Focus is the independent transport user watchdog. Its mission is to get the best deal for rail passengers. It uses its knowledge to influence decisions on behalf of passengers to secure improvements and make a difference. Transport Focus is the voice of transport users. It carries out research on transport user experiences and needs for the future. This includes the large scale National Rail Passenger Survey where over 50, rail passengers give their views on rail journeys twice a year.

Structure Transport Focus is an executive nondepartmental public body, sponsored by the Department for Transport. It is run by a management team see more below and led by a Board of non-executive directors.

It has existed in one form or another since Over the years it has changed its name as it took on responsibility for bus, coach and tram passengers, and then road users. Transport Focus can have up to 14 Board members. The remaining appointments are made by the Secretary of State for Transport. Recruitment to the Board is based on merit.

Transport for Greater Manchester More than 5. TfGM helps make that travel as safe and simple as possible. TfGM coordinates transport networks across the region, decides where to invest transport funding, and owns and runs the Metrolink tram service. It builds and manages bus stations and transport interchanges, provides travel planning and timetable information to passengers, and promotes walking and cycling as safe and healthy choices.

The Greater Manchester rail network is now used by around forty million passengers a year. This is an increase of thirty per cent over the past decade and TfGM has an influential voice in developing the best possible rail services in Greater Manchester. TfGM works alongside industry partners helping to drive major improvements to the rail network by securing improvements to capacity, connectivity and reliability and are currently supporting Arriva Rail North.

Northern and TransPennine Express in delivering their franchise commitments. These include new and longer trains, more travel options throughout the week, improved customer experience and integrated and smart ticketing.

In partnership with Network Rail and train operators, TfGM is delivering improved customer information and detailed journey planning and supports a range of rail station improvements by securing more funding to complement work already planned. Local knowledge enables TfGM to recommend which facilities and improvements will offer the greatest benefit for local passengers and which rail station development can spur local regeneration and economic growth.

This collaborative approach enables rail to be an integrated part of the transport network. TfGM is actively pursuing opportunities to use rail stations as more than boarding. TfGM works closely with communities and industry to make rail stations attractive, safe, appealing and accessible for all. Our Prospectus for Rail In September , The Mayor of Greater Manchester published a masterplan to double the number of rail journeys in the city-region by Providing strategic advice and technical leadership to clients around the world for over 20 years.

FCP has built a reputation as a trusted advisor. Our roots are in the British rail industry but our work is international. We have practical skills in planning, finance and implementation of large and small transport projects, including intercity and high-speed, heavy haul, light rail, metros, commuter rail and other surface transport modes including highways. We advise governments, operators and funders on strategy, profitability and performance improvements.

We have a record of delivering innovative technical, commercial and management strategies. TfL provides modern ways to pay through Oyster and contactless payment cards and provides live travel information in a variety of formats to help people move around London.

It is modernising Tube services and stations, transforming the road network and making it safer, especially for more vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists.

The DLR network of 45 stations has multiple connections with the Tube, buses, National Rail, Overground, river and coach services and runs vehicles. It operates the trains, stations and maintains much of the network. A contract was awarded to Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, S. A CAF in June to replace some of the oldest trains operating on the network.

The new fleet of walk through trains are expected to start entering passenger service from providing a number of customer improvements, including the latest audio and visual real-time travel information, air conditioning and mobile device charging points.

London Overground TfL is responsible for London Overground � a group of orbital lines serving many areas of the Capital. Launched in , around a third of all Londoners are within walking distance of a London Overground station. There are six London Overground routes that, together, form an outer London orbital network. This route travels through 23 London boroughs, as well as southern Hertfordshire and serves stations.

Network Rail manages and maintains most of the track and signals, as London Overground is part of the National Rail network. London Trams TfL took over the running of Trams in and completely refurbished the Trams network which had been created eight years earlier.

TfL sets the specifications for tram frequency and overall performance, is responsible for fares and revenue, carries out maintenance, and plans and funds improvements and extensions to the network. The tram network has 17 miles of track, 34 trams in the fleet and 39 stops. The Tube handles up to five million passenger journeys per day. At peak times, there are more than trains in use on the. Those stations transferred to TfL Rail outside London were included because they are part of an existing rail route.

These are still the responsibility of the Government and run alongside TfL services. TfL has overall responsibility for the train frequency specifications, standards for station facilities and overall performance as well as fares and revenue management. TfL also plans and funds improvements of extensions to the network, and works with Network Rail, Crossrail and other stakeholders to improve those stations and trains inherited, and to build those commissioned as part of the project being constructed by Crossrail.

The Elizabeth line is expected to open through central London in MTR Elizabeth line is the train operator appointed to manage and operate trains and stations on a day-to-day basis. Their Strategic Transport Plan explains the need for investment in transport across the North and identifies the priority areas for improved connectivity. Having a reliable, resilient transport network for journeys to, from and within the North is an integral part of the TfN vision of developing a multi-modal, longterm Strategic Transport Plan for the North of England.

TfN want to connect the key economic areas of the North to drive growth, improve access to jobs and ensure the North is a great place to invest and live. Civic and business leaders from across the North came together to publish the draft Strategic Transport Plan.

The year plan is the first of its kind and outlines how transport connections across the North of England need to be transformed over the short, medium and long term to drive sustainable economic growth. The public consultation on the draft Strategic Transport.

Northern Powerhouse Rail Northern Powerhouse Rail NPR is a major strategic rail programme, the programme promises radical changes in service patterns and target journey times and to better connect the key economic areas and cities of the North. Delivered over thirty years and combining new, existing and already planned lines, the programme will improve east-west connections, offering a huge change in journey times, reliability frequency and capacity.

TfN aim to provide improved passenger and freight train services through enhanced infrastructure and radically improved rolling stock, and to support a wide programme of transformational change. This includes working closely with the rail industry to deliver the Great North Rail Project, the TransPennine Route Upgrade, smart ticketing throughout the North and, in the longer term, working to support the Northern Powerhouse Rail Programme.

Northern Powerhouse Rail, together with HS2, would transform rail travel across the North, offering much faster, more frequent and reliable rail links. It could be developed in stages, making best use of existing rail infrastructure and planned investments such as HS2 alongside new railway lines and significant upgrades.

This would rise to 1. Strategic Rail The Northern and TransPennine Express rail services run through 25 local authority areas, including the 19 authorities that sit on the partnership board of Transport for the North. Instrumental in bringing transformational rail franchises to the North of England and, working in partnership with the Department for Transport through the Rail North Partnership team, TfN are now leading these franchises and engage regularly with representatives from all 25 authorities through their Rail Officer Reference Group.

Through the Northern and TransPennine Express franchises TfN have secured investment in new and refurbished trains, enhanced station facilities and faster and more frequent services.

This will enable forty thousand more train passengers to travel each day and two thousand more train services to be operated every week including improved Sunday services. Transport for Wales Transport for Wales is a not-for-profit company, wholly owned by the Welsh Government. Transport for Wales focuses on planning, commissioning and managing efficient transport by creating transport networks fit for the future that will contribute to the long-term sustainability of Wales.

More than half the trains will be assembled in Wales. By December of that year, an extra 29 per cent more services will run every weekday, including improvements on the Ebbw Vale, Cambrian and Heart of Wales lines and the North Wales Metro Wrexham Bidston.

A new service will link Cardiff and Liverpool via Wrexham. This will create more than six hundred new jobs, including two hundred new ontrain customer service staff, and add thirty. On top of that at least 1, new car parking spaces will be created and by the availability and quality of ticketing facilities will be transformed. Delay Repay for delays of above Rail services will be a key part of Metro and customers can expect a modern, turn-upand-go service that offers quicker journeys, better connections between different types of transport, greater capacity, and more accessible services.

Stations and overhead wires will be powered by a hundred per cent renewable energy, with at least fifty per cent sourced in Wales. Free end-to-end internet access will be available on 85 per cent of journeys by and smart ticketing will be rolled out across Wales and the Borders.

Validators on the South Wales Metro will enable pay-as-yougo flexible ticketing. Elsewhere, customers will be able to use mobile tickets to ensure they always pay the lowest fare. Free travel for children under five years old has been extended to under elevens. Half-price fares will be extended to 16 to year-olds whilst under 16s will go free off peak. The fund will support the development and delivery costs of proposals for minor-medium freight interventions aimed at improving the capacity and capability of the Scottish network for rail freight.

Transport Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government and is accountable to Parliament and the public through Scottish Ministers. Transport Scotland also provides input from a Scottish perspective on reserved rail issues such as: European directives, cross-border rail franchises, the Equality Act and safety and standards. Rail directorate The Rail directorate is responsible for planning and delivering rail policy, strategy and development.

It carries out appraisals of capital projects, advises on rail investment decisions and provides the specification of railway outputs that the Scottish Government will wish to buy.

Scotland, and liaising with the Office of Rail and Road in specifying and funding the outputs expected from Network Rail. Cross-border passenger services are operated under franchises specified and awarded by the Department for Transport apart from the Caledonian Sleeper services.

Stations There are currently railway stations in Scotland. The railway managed by the airport authority.

The rest are leased to and operated by ScotRail. Scottish stations have improved significantly after considerable investment over the last few years. Transport Scotland is committed to ensuring that these facilities are maintained and improved over the course of the current franchise, with further investments being made at stations to support smart ticketing and integrated travel.

Investment includes enhanced cycle facilities, upgraded ticket vending machines, multi-modal customer information screens and smart ticketing equipment. TfWM is the executive body that oversees transportation road, rail, bus and Metro within the metropolitan county on behalf of the WMCA. TfWM provides rail and Metro park and-ride facilities and works with bus operators to provide improvements, under the Bus Alliance.

Improvements such as contactless fares and discounts for young people has seen passenger growth in the region at a time when numbers are falling elsewhere. West Midlands Rail Executive The region is looking to reverse some the Beeching cuts by reopening rail lines to passenger services for the first time in decades. Railway stations, including the busy University Station in Edgbaston, are also being rebuilt as the region prepares to host the Coventry City of Culture in and.

Birmingham Commonwealth Games. It links key areas along a busy transport route serving local centres on the way. Further extensions are at different stages of development, including the construction of a line between Wednesbury and Brierley Hill, via Dudley.

Crossrail Established in , Crossrail Limited was set up to build the new railway that will open as the Elizabeth line. Parliament granted permission for the scheme in the s, but it ultimately came to nothing.

Although much of the Abercrombie Plan came to pass the new Tube lines did not, the idea, however, was not forgotten and transport needs continued to develop and soon the need for a new line that provided better cross-Capital links began to seem more pressing.

The study recommended feasibility studies be undertaken as a priority, in a British Rail discussion paper, proposed an intercity link across London featuring three route options. Rather than focusing on the east and west, the scheme suggested linking the existing infrastructure north and south of London, possibly via a deep bore tunnel.

Although the route was very different from that which had been proposed in , the overall objective was not massively dissimilar. The discussion paper ultimately led to nothing, Underground congestion that both it and the study had highlighted continued to develop and by the late s, the existing Tube and rail capacity was approaching its limits.

The Government therefore commissioned and published the Central London Rail Study in � a report which took many of the schemes highlighted in the study and developed them into more concrete framework: East-West Crossrail, a line from Wimbledon to Hackney via Chelsea and Thameslink.

In addition to all this, the Jubilee line extension was proposed in the East London Rail Study published a few months later. In October the Government finally gave the go-ahead to British Rail and London Transport to develop the east-west Crossrail scheme.

In November , a private bill was submitted to Parliament but the recession in the early s, combined with constraints on public finances, proved key factors that lead to Parliament rejecting the Bill.

In July the Government once again asserted that an east-west rail link should go ahead. Crossrail Limited Established in , Crossrail Limited was set up to build the new railway that will open as the Elizabeth line.

In the Government, committed to introducing legislation to enable Crossrail to proceed, and worked closely with TfL and wider stakeholders to develop a funding and financing package. The Crossrail Hybrid Bill was presented to Parliament in February and The Crossrail Act finally gave Crossrail a confirmed route � Heathrow and Reading in the west to Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east, with new rail tunnels and stations under central London as required.

Crossrail Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of TfL on December 5 After years of planning and development, Crossrail finally broke ground on May 15 at Canary Wharf and. Tunnelling ended at Farringdon three years later in May with the arrival of tunnel boring machine Victoria. The Elizabeth line will open from December with 10 brand new stations and 31 upgraded stations.

In May , direct services will operate from Paddington to Shenfield and Paddington to Abbey Wood and in December , the Elizabeth line is fully open with services extended to Reading. Elizabeth line services through central London will commence in Autumn Tel: Email: helpdesk crossrail.

East West Rail New connections will make the make the Oxford to Cambridge Arc more commutable, opening up new job opportunities, supporting local business and helping the economy to grow East West Rail East West Rail is a proposed new rail link under development which would connect communities between Oxford, Milton Keynes, Bedford and Cambridge, creating new opportunities for people right across the area.

The company is passionate about building a railway that best serves people living and working between Oxford, Cambridge, Bedford and Milton Keynes, as well as providing the best value for the taxpayer. They have a mission to do things differently, to innovate and challenge the status quo in the rail and construction industries.

Their distinctive outlook and passion for doing the right thing for their customers and local communities runs through everything they do and every decision they make. Getlink Getlink was officially born on 20 November when Groupe Eurotunnel underwent a corporate rebrand.

With almost , vehicles carried over the period from 17 July to 3 September, traffic grew by two per cent compared to the same period in , which was itself a record year. Beyond the traffic records, recent investments in the premium service, like the opening of the new Flexiplus lounge in France on 15th July are also bearing fruit with bookings for this category up by six per cent. In addition, Le Shuttle has seen Frequent Traveller bookings increase by twelve per cent.

I can only thank them on behalf of all our staff for the confidence they have shown in us. The Le Shuttle frequency of departure and the speed of service are key factors in booking decisions. Innovation In June the first stone of the future freight train scanner, the first of its kind in France, was laid at a ceremony held at CalaisFrethun freight yard.

Operated by customs officers from the Douane, the only authority certified to use such material in France, the scanner will bring savings of several hours to the process of controls on trains heading for the UK via the Channel Tunnel.

The installation of this equipment will enable the control of up to 30 trains per day at a speed of twelve miles per hour, without stopping. In addition, the new scanner will considerably improve the efficiency of action to prevent smuggling. With the boom in the digital economy and the concentration of cross-Channel traffic onto the shortest routes, particularly in light of environmental.

Made to order by WBN Waggonbau Niesky GmbH for Eurotunnel, and benefitting from the latest developments in technology to ensure energy efficiency, strength and reliability, these three new shuttles will strengthen the existing fleet and bring an additional twenty per cent capacity, enabling Eurotunnel to offer up to eight departures per hour.

RMF is a leading provider of railway reservation based international settlement and clearing services, providing sophisticated revenue and cost allocation, including business critical management information. Journey times to Ebbsfleet International are only 17 minutes, with Ashford International just 37 minutes from St Pancras. In , approximately The report presents real life examples of how HS1 has helped ten of the most exciting businesses in Kent to grow and prosper.

Passenger numbers on the high-speed line are set to rise to per cent by The total number of trains on HS1 is at 73, This is mostly attributed to the increase in timetabled international services which are up compared to In , HS1 Ltd announced that it would be working closely with other infrastructure managers to help develop new routes, including a direct passenger service to Bordeaux.

It is funded by grant-in-aid from the Government. Travelling between the cities of the Midlands and the North will become much easier. HS2 will free up extra capacity for local passenger and freight services on the existing network.

So, as well as efficiently carrying millions of people, the new railway will benefit those who never use it. Economic value HS2 will begin rebalancing the UK economy long before the trains start running. From there it will split off and run to the East Midlands Hub in one direction and to Manchester Piccadilly via Crewe in the other direction. That first stretch to Birmingham is Phase One which is expected to be completed by The second is Phase Two.

It will be delivered in two phases: Phase 2a extends from the West Midlands to Crewe and is due to open in Phase 2b continues the line to Manchester and also joins the existing railway just south of Wigan. Phase 2b services will begin in HS2 funding is available for a wide range of independent environmental projects to benefit nature and communities along the route. This could include creating new parks and play facilities, investing in green spaces in urban areas, regenerating areas along canals, and conserving and enhancing the historic environment.

With a major engineering programme ahead, HS2 is bolstering its infrastructure directorate by offering the opportunity for engineering graduates to join the teams charged with overseeing the delivery of the stations, tunnels and viaducts along the mile section of the first phase of the railway. Freight Throughout , more than freight trains are set to deliver material to the site taking the equivalent of 12, trucks HGVs off the road and saving 30, tonnes of carbon � the equivalent of flying from London to Edinburgh times.

The train � operated by DB Cargo UK and Hanson � delivered 1, tonnes of aggregate that will be used in the construction of the temporary Calvert Railhead.

Across the whole HS2 project, 15, freight trains are set to be used to haul 10 million tonnes of aggregate to construction sites � taking the equivalent of 1. The awards bring together the most senior and influential professionals from across Architecture internationally to recognise and celebrate excellence.

It has a year track record of creating exciting new destinations for people to live, work and experience. CR uses its skills in land assembly, placemaking and development to unlock regeneration opportunities. Its unique position on the cusp of the public and private sectors allows it to transform the most complex sites, using an imaginative approach to problem solving to bring forward schemes that deliver homes and jobs, and create value from public sector real estate assets.

Nearly one million sq. Set to open in Spring , it will feature , sq ft of local, independent and national retail and leisure operators. LCR has also transformed the nearby railway arches at Leake Street into a creative and leisure destination, populated by local independent businesses and startups.

It provides long-term support and forms joint venture partnerships to create the conditions to ensure every destination reaches its full potential, with a focus on driving public value through delivering meaningful outcomes, not short-term returns.

LCR then moved from the private to public sector, becoming a limited company wholly-owned by the Department for Transport. We pride ourselves on supporting the market through our stock holding facility as part of our business model which allows us quick delivery upon product orders. We have the backing of our major existing manufacturing partners for this. Aligned to our own business model in place to keep on establishing our company as a reliable and safe option for battery product and service.

By offering a bespoke customer driven level of service from manufacturing through to consultation and collaboration stages of discussion we can tailor individual battery types from our dedicated range of product specifically for use in Rail applications. Visit: www. Whether you require batteries repaired, overhauled or replaced, Capitol are trusted and relied upon by a wide range of UK rail industry companies, who have come to know that we deliver on our promises to provide exacting standards of product, service, ongoing technical support and commitment in all aspects of our business dealings.

An independent manufacturer with enough strength and flexibility to be able to support mainline customers requirements through stock availability and technical experience, we have consistently delivered on a wide variety of projects ranging from single battery orders, to fleet change out programmes set against customer schedules and agreed service levels.

The real focus, however, is on leaving a legacy of skills and experience for the region, even after the extensions are complete and helping the West Midlands attract regeneration and investment.

The Midland Metro Alliance is working with Transport for West Midlands on a number of projects for the West Midlands Metro network, each in differing stages of development, design or delivery. Wolverhampton City Centre Metro extension Part of the Wolverhampton Interchange, the Wolverhampton City Centre Metro extension will branch off from the existing route just before the current terminus at Wolverhampton St.

The final phase of track laying for the short light rail route is planned to begin in spring When this route opens to the public later that year, those living and. Birmingham Westside Metro extension The Birmingham Westside Metro extension is part of an ambitious plan to expand the current Midland Metro network towards the West of Birmingham and Edgbaston, bringing long-term benefits to this area of the city.

The first phase of the project saw the Metro extended from the former terminus at Grand Central to Centenary Square, with the new line, which provided two extra tram stops, reopening ahead of schedule in Construction for the second phase of the project, which will run an extra 1.

Wednesbury to Brierley Hill Metro extension During , the first preliminary works got underway for the anticipated Wednesbury to Brierley Hill Metro extension with utility diversions in Dudley town centre and aging structures assessed and demolished in Sandwell ahead of new ones being erected later in the construction programme. This route is more than eleven kilometres long and will eventually connect to the main Metro line in Wednesbury allowing transport to both Wolverhampton and Birmingham from Dudley and boosting public transport considerably in an area of the region where most journeys are completed by private vehicle.

Birmingham Eastside Metro extension and East Birmingham to Solihull Metro extension Elsewhere in Birmingham, following receipt of Transport and Works Act Powers in , the Birmingham Eastside Metro Extension project was re-ignited with the first early works, consisting of utility upgrades and diversions, getting underway.

This extension will provide new and improved public transport links for the East of Birmingham City Centre and Digbeth as well as connecting the forthcoming Curzon Station HS2 to the Metro network and maximising interchange opportunities with various modes of public transport.

The route is also the first stage in the proposed East Birmingham to Solihull Metro extension which will extended further east allowing fast and convenient travel to Birmingham International Airport. The Birmingham Eastside Metro extension will provide new and improved public transport links for the East of Birmingham City Centre and Digbeth as well as connecting the HS2 station to the Metro network.

In , Network Rail began devolving day-today responsibility for railway businesses to eight strategic geographical areas. These new regions became operational in June Performance On 1 April , the rail industry introduced a new, more detailed and precise set of measures to better understand train performance.

The official measure of punctuality used up until then, known as public performance measure PPM , considers trains to be punctual if they are five or ten minutes after schedule, for short and longdistance journeys respectively, at their destination, but the new measures report cancellations and the proportion of trains arriving to the minute at every station on the timetable. It measures safety from the perspective of passengers at stations and all aspects of interaction between the general public and the railway.

Control Period 6 Network Rail runs five-year long Control Periods which it uses to determine priorities for investment. Each Control Period begins on 1 April and ends on 31 March to coincide with the financial year. Control Period 6 began in April Strategic Freight Network The Strategic Freight Network SFN aims to create a network of freight capable rail corridors across Britain by upgrading the existing network and building new infrastructure at key locations to allow more freight to travel on rail.

Schemes currently underway include gauge clearance, train lengthening and capacity building. It is an incredibly busy region, operating some of the busiest and most congested rail lines in the country, transporting large numbers of commuters to and from busy cities including Newcastle, Leeds, Sheffield, Derby, Norwich, Cambridge and London.

The region is also home to other major transport hubs including three airports and 13 freight ports, connecting millions of people every day to city, town, coast and country, to friends and family, jobs and leisure, as well as goods to businesses here and abroad. With over 5, employees, the Southern region is responsible for more than million passenger journeys each year. Southern moves over , Wales and Western With a 5,strong workforce and 2, miles of railway, these routes exist to serve communities and businesses of Wales, the Thames Valley, West of England and the South West Peninsula.

Wales and Western supports leisure and tourism in all of these areas and supports critical freight. It fulfils a variety of travel needs from business and leisure to daily commuter services, including cross border services; it supports rural services and the needs of freight customers alike.

A whollyowned subsidiary of Dutch rail operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen, Abellio was founded in to take advantage of the liberalisation of the European transport sector, and it now has operations in the UK and Germany. After taking its first steps into the London bus market in , the company now runs around eight per cent of all London bus services.

Abellio wants to make it easier to travel, by providing comfortable, reliable journeys which are simple for people to plan, buy and use. Stretching from Aberdeen to Penzance, and from Stansted Airport to Cardiff, it calls at more than stations.

In it launched a pioneering initiative with the UK Scouting Association to encourage young people to stay safe on the railway. As of August , Chiltern is the most popular operator between the Midlands and London and between Oxford and London and enjoys passenger satisfaction levels of ninety per cent. Grand Central Grand Central is an established longdistance train company carrying around 1. Based in York, Grand Central operates 18 services a day on two routes with industry leading customer satisfaction rating.

Grand Central achieved a 96 per cent overall passenger satisfaction rating in the National Rail Passenger Survey in Spring , for the sixth year running. Working in partnership with TfL, Arriva Rail London plan to deliver further improvements for customers through more frequent services, new trains and improved interchanges, as well as developing stations and lines to meet increasing passenger demand.

In recent years, Arriva TrainCare has grown following substantial investment in developing heavy maintenance work. Operating from five depots in strategic locations across the country, Arriva TrainCare currently provides overnight and heavy maintenance services to several train operating companies and ROSCOs, along with post production support for new train manufacturers.

Since they began running rail operations, they have introduced more than additional vehicles across various franchises, which has also led to the creation of new depot facilities and jobs.

The customer app for First operating companies has been downloaded more than one million times; First is working with councils to introduce smart ticketing and has led one of the largest roll outs of free Wi-Fi on the UK rail network. They began operating the network on 20 August and will continue until at least August SWR operates almost 2, services per day across the network, providing commuter, inter-urban, regional and long distance services to passengers in south west London and southern counties of England.

First Group introduced refurbished trains to the Portsmouth-London line in late , with new suburban rolling stock due in the next few months. Timetable changes in May and December added more than new services per week. TPE has now begun to introduce new carriages, and new services, including Liverpool to Glasgow, and extending its East Coast route from Newcastle to Edinburgh. First Group have secured track access rights to operate the service until London Trams First Group operates the London Trams network on behalf of Transport for London, which sees patronage of around 29 million passengers per year.

Passenger numbers have increased by more than ten million since the start of operations. It employs 28, people in the UK and overseas, who work hard to deliver safe, reliable and value-for-money services for passengers.

Go-Ahead has a devolved approach to the management of its bus and train operating companies. They are run autonomously, are locally-branded, and the management teams are empowered to respond directly to the needs of the local communities they serve.

Working in this way ensures Go-Ahead retains strong local expertise and can focus on the needs of customers and adapt quickly to changing conditions in local markets. It also provides direct links to major airports Gatwick and Luton as well as St Pancras International.

Southern and Gatwick Express routes were integrated in July It is the largest and busiest single rail franchise in the UK: in terms of passenger numbers around 25 per cent of all train passenger journeys , trains, revenue and staff 6, people employed. Southeastern The Southeastern franchise was won in and in its first year the franchise achieved the largest ever improvement in customer satisfaction of any UK rail operator.

Southeastern operates services throughout Kent, parts of East Sussex and southeast London. Keolis Keolis operates public transport networks on behalf of three hundred transport authorities around the world.

It is now present in 16 countries across four continents. Keolis is part of joint ventures with Amey, Go-Ahead and is part of one consortium. It serves 99 stops across eight different lines along almost kilometres of track, with a fleet of modern trams catering for more than 34 million journeys a year. The Transport for Wales rail services network is over 1, kilometers long, with stations, and carries over 30 million passengers per year.

We recently had our contract to operate the extended until at least Southeastern Owned and operated by Go-Ahead Group 65 per cent and Keolis 35 per cent with the contract running until the end of GTR now carries more passengers, people and trains than any other franchise in the country with million passenger journeys each year across miles of network.

In addition, the franchise operates trains, manages train stations and employs over 7, people. GTR is part of Govia. Tramlink Keolis is part of the Tramlink consortium responsible for the operation, maintenance and ongoing expansion of the Nottingham tram system. In December , Tramlink. The network has undergone a major expansion programme opening two new lines in August , which saw the addition of an extra It achieved record passenger growth last year, growing the number of customer journeys by 5.

The merged rail network comprises nine commuter railway lines, a light rail network and a highspeed airport express link with an average weekday ridership of more than 5. Globally, MTR delivers services for over 13 million people each day, more than 4. Global footprint MTR offers worldwide railway consultancy and contracting services.

Clients served include metro companies, government authorities and rail system suppliers in the Mainland of China, India, Australia, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. United Kingdom In the UK, MTR has been connecting people and communities for almost 15 years and has an established track record of excellence. The train operating contract launched in May , with initial services commencing on the Eastern section of the route under the TfL Rail name.

Paddington to Reading and Heathrow to the West. In February , it was announced that Crossrail would eventually be renamed the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen. As a result, in September MTR Crossrail changed its trading name to MTR Elizabeth line to strengthen its connection with the operational service it will be delivering.

Once fully open, the Elizabeth line will link national rail lines to the East and West of London through an underground metro system for the first time. MTR Elizabeth line has been awarded the prestigious Investors in People silver status, and in January demonstrated its continuous improvement by successfully achieving a five-star EFQM Recognised for Excellence accreditation.

With about million passenger journeys a year, the South Western franchise covers urban, suburban, regional and long-distance routes between London Waterloo and southwest England, including Bristol, Exeter and Portsmouth. South Western Railway has some of the busiest routes in the country, operating nearly 1, services each weekday and employs around 5, people.

Serco Serco has global expertise in the design, setting up, operation, and maintenance of heavy rail, metro and light rail operations across the globe � from the turnkey operation of the Dubai Tram to redefining a luxury experience on the Scottish Caledonian Sleeper Caledonian Sleeper Serco began operating Caledonian Sleeper in April after it was selected by Transport Scotland to manage the new year franchise back in May We want guests to have a magical journey with us, whether they are travelling for business or for pleasure.

Expansion of the Metro has seen the Red Line grow to 29 stations, while the Green Line, opened in , added an additional 20 stations. The Red Line expansion for Expo adds 15 kilometres and connects seven stations. At that point, the Dubai Metro will have a total network length of 90 kilometres and over trains running at peak times.

The contract extension includes the operation and maintenance of the Red Line expansion which is currently under construction. Serco have redesigned the model of delivering a city region wide rail transit system through a model of operational excellence by focussing on delivering high levels of predictability, reliability, punctuality, trust, safety and customer service.

All of which has led to Merseyrail consistently being at or around the top of the league on customer satisfaction and operational performance. Alliance Rail Holdings Alliance Rail Holdings was established to develop and deliver new open CF Booth Ltd was established in by Clarence Frederick Booth and since that time has continued to be access rail services across Great Britain passed down through the generations of the Booth family.

The company has been associated with the scrapping of diesel and electric locomotives since the s and has an. Railway GNER brand.

That proposal was rejected in project was transferred from Alliance Rail Tel: August CF Booth rolling stock division has achieved both ISO and standards and has invested heavily in.

CF Boothdeveloping Ltd is onethe ofinfrastructure the leadingtometal handle all kinds of rolling stock including more than 1, metres of rail sidings, ed in byrecycling Clarencecompanies Frederick in Booth andEstablished since that time has continued to be UK.

Work continues at present with rail vehicles erations of theinBooth family. Besides processing rolling stock for ng companies. UK national rail industry and extremely proud to provide a valuable service toofrailway enthusiasts and developing the infrastructure to handle all kinds rolling stock including more than 1, metres of rail sidings, We are more than just a metalthe recycler, ourcontinue continued investment in infrastructure and quality personnel has put which allows us to accommodate a substantial amount rolling stock.

Work continues at present with rail vehicles preservationists throughout UK as they to restore rolling stock vehicles tooftheir former glory for future being brought in through a connection to Network Rail and the proximity of the railway sidings to roads give this side us at the generations forefront of metal recycling industry.

Working with global businesses and international brands has made to the enjoy. In addition, our extremely competitive buying process and quick payment terms mean that for many companies wishing toisdispose of their rolling CF BoothLtd Ltd isa thepart first port call.

The 56 Pendolino trains will be completely refurbished with 25, brand new seats, more reliable Wi-Fi and improved catering. Work is due to start in late Spring and undertaken by Alstom at their Widnes facility in the North West of England. The refresh of the 20 trains included new Standard Class seats covers and carpets as well as a revamped toilet area.

Lighting was replaced with more energy efficient LEDs and the interior bodyside and ceiling panels in vestibules, toilets and Standard Class saloons were refinished in either paint or vinyl wraps. Fares and ticket types will be further simplified with mobile tickets and smartcards introduced. Stations will be improved with refreshed waiting rooms, better customer facilities, more car park spaces, and greater accessibility for those who need it.

The other part of the Partnership is West Coast Partnership Development which will pave the way for a new era in high speed rail in the UK in the coming years, working closely with HS2 Ltd and the Department for Transport. When completed, the fleet will comprise of 13 Class Bi-Mode trains and 10 Class Electric trains. Each Bi-Mode train, which can switch seamlessly from electric to diesel power, comprises of five carriages and has seats, offering around 15 per cent more capacity than the Super Voyager trains they are due to replace.

The electric trains will seat in their sevencarriage formation. The new trains will also cut. CO2 emissions by more than 60 per cent. The money will be awarded to the successful bidders over a two-year period. The final assembly, where all components and electrics are fitted, of the entire fleet will take place at the Newton Aycliffe facility. The new trains will deliver better and more reliable free Wi-Fi, at-seat wireless inductive charging for electronic devices, plug sockets and USB slots; a brand-new catering offer and a real-time passenger information system that advises customers of connecting rail services.

This latest investment by the inter-city operator is part of its focus on helping others with community and charitable initiatives. The research tie-in will help deliver a UK centre of excellence for rail engineering in the Leeds City Region and is intended to drive improved customer experience and operation of HS2. When fully operational, the Institute will be capable of simulating the conditions found on busy rail networks, the findings of which will play a key part in the shaping of HS2 services.

In the community Avanti West Coast has launched a new fund to encourage ideas to improve stations and. New upgrades The improvements previously made to the tramway received such a positive response from the public that at the end of Blackpool Transport alongside Blackpool Council began further upgrades.

The existing tramway service operates between Starr Gate and Fleetwood Ferry from approximately The tramway extension will leave the existing route at North Pier, via a two-way double track junction. The route will cross the Promenade highway and enter Talbot Square, which is being remodelled to provide segregation of trams and highway traffic.

The existing pedestrian signals on the Promenade will be replaced by a signalled intersection. A new eastbound tram stop is to be located in Talbot Square, to allow interchanges with the existing North Pier tram stops. Beyond Talbot Square, a double track alignment continues eastwards in the centre of the highway.

It is anticipated that the proposed tramway extension will be completed by Heritage Heritage Blackpool is unique to the UK as it has the freedom to operate unmodified vintage trams throughout the year under its heritage brand, Blackpool Heritage Tram Tours. The Heritage Tram Tours have gone from strength-to-strength since and is.

Modernisation Over five million passengers rode the Tramway in and in it underwent renewal efforts which saw modern light rail trams operating along the eleven miles of coastline. Other upgrades included a brand new fleet of Bombardier trams that have reduced journey times by up to 15 minutes.

The vehicles are 32 metres long, split into five sections and can accommodate up to passengers. There are twelve different types of car that have been used on the tramway over its year lifespan, with some travelling around the world, like the iconic Boat car which was used in the USA during the s.

The electric supply was converted to overhead power four years later. The main route from Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness is 63 kilometres with a fastest journey time of 58 minutes. As c2c is mainly a London commuter railway and the typical journey is between 40 and 80 minutes, it does not offer First Class seating.

Tickets are fully interchangeable between the two operators. There are also interchanges at Limehouse and West Ham with Docklands. Record breaking c2c holds both UK records for the punctuality of its train service: for annual punctuality, at During the number of c2c passenger journeys rose by eight per cent,.

Technology The c2c app called c2c Live provides a onestop-shop for c2c passengers with everything from personalised journey information to buying tickets, and even paying for car parking. Developed with IBM, this is the first app made by a UK rail company to include nationwide door-to-door public transport journey planning, enabling users to plan a route for any journey anywhere in the UK.

C His daughter will start school in a year and a half. D His daughter's eighteen months old. Al He's on the basketball team.

B He doesn't even like 10 play basketball. C He's too short to make the team. D He thinks he's tall enough. A She's thinking about her grade in the seminar. B The seminar is quite realistic.

C The seminar will take a great deal of time. D She agrees with the man aboul the seminar. The location of the meeting The purpose of the meeting Who will attend the meeting The time the meeting slarts. Preparing dinner laler Going 10 a restaurant Cooking a full dinner Eating dinner oUlside in the garden.

She is fond of Joe. Joe is not lost anymore. She visits Joe regularly. The call was already made. A He was quite fortunate. B He lacked the opportunity to play the game. C He didn't actually win the game, D He came sometime after Luke.

A His desk is made of metal. B He never meddles with his office workers. C His desk is on the right side of the office. D He works in the center of the office. He does not live nearby. They will go latel: It is not time to deliver the paper. He does not have lime to read.

A She will assign the homework tomorrow. B The man can do the homework next week. C She will return the homework next week. D The assignment must be turned in tomorrow.

A The woman is really beautiful. B The woman should repeat what she said. C He shares the woman's opinion. D He has time this year to travel. A There seems to be a problem with the motor. B He does not want to be an engineer. C The music on the car stereo is good. D He likes the sound of the engine. She's going to the supermarket. She works in a grocery store. She's not going out. She doesn't have enough money for groceries. He didn't really get the highest grade.

He's rather intelligent. He's not done with the exam. He's not even in the class. He was happy to wtite the check. He received a large sum of money. He was working in a huge factory. He found some hidden bones. Resting for a few minutes Studying a bit longer Taking a five-hour break Studying for shorter periods of time. She needs a new suitcase. She's pUlling on a suit.

She's preparing for a trip. She just received a package. The door was closed reallv hard. Alice left because she wa; hungry. The door was smoothly sanded. Alice went out through the door on the left side. It was the last game. The man never lets her talk. She feels the same way as the man. He's a bit too strong. He's bitter about the accident.

He's still weak. He feels the accident was not his fault. After each conversation, will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. Remember, you are not allowed to take nOles or write in your lest book. A It looks comfortable. B It doesn't seem very big. C It looks funny. D It's full of fish. After each talk, you will hear some questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated.

Here is an example. On the recording, you hear: narrator man. Artist Gram Wood was a guiding orce in the school o painting known as American regionalist, a style reflecting the distincti,'e characteristics o art rom rural areas o the United States. This painting, calied American Gothic, is a starkly simple depiction o a serious couple starillg directly out at the dewer.

America's inner cities the central region of the States various urban areas in the States rural sections of America. The best answer La the question, "What style of painting is known as American regionalist? The best answer to the question, "What is the name of Wood's most successful painting? Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book. A Only three chapters B Three chemistry books C Lecture notes and part of the book 0 Only class notes from the lectures. A It is open to visitors. B It is still in use as a prison. C It is closed to the public. A Artificial plants B Plants in plastic containers C Plants that resemble plastic 0 Plants that produce a usable substance.

A It lasts longer. B It is more artificial. C It is easy to make in a laboratory. A It biodegrades slowly. B It kills plants. C People never throw it away. Circle the number of each of the questions in Part A that you answe11! This section consists of a number of different types of listcning passages, each followed by one or more questions. This section consists of fifty questions though some tests may be longcr. You will listen to rccorded material and respond to multiple choicc qucstions about the material.

You must listen carefully because you will hear the recording one time only and the material on the recording is not written in your test book. Short Dialogues are two-line dialogues between two speakers, each followed by a multiple choice question.

You will listen to each short dialogue and question on the recording and then choose tlte best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book.

Long Conversations are second conversations on casual topics between students, each followed by a number of multiple choice questions. You will listen to each long conversation and each of the questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book.

Talks are second talks about school life or academic subjects, each followed by a number of multiple choice questions. You will listen to each lecture and each of the questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose the best answer to each question fmm the four choices in your test book.

Be familiar with the directions. You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test. Listen carefully to the passages. You should concentrate fully on what the speakers Tunnel Hull Boat Plans Free Fire are saying on the recording because you will hear the recording one time only. Know where the easier and the more difficult questions are generally found. Within each part of the Listening Comprehension section on the paper test.

Be familiar with the pacing of the test. You have twelve seconds between each question on the recording. Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of the correct response. There is no penalty for guessing. Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow. When you finish with one question. This section consists of thirty to fifty questions. In this section, you will listen to recorded material.

You must listen carefully because you will hear the recorded material oue time only and the recorded material does not appear on the com pUler screen. Short Dialogues consist of two- to four-line dialogues between two speakers. Each dialogue is accompanied by a context-setting visual and is followed by one multiple choice question. You will listen to each short dialogue as you see a context-setting visual on the screen.

Then you will listen to a question as you see the question and four answer choices on the screen. Casual Conversations consist of live- to seven-line convers:ltions on casual topics between students. Each conversation is accompanied by a context-setting visual and is followed by two or three multiple choice questions. You will listen to each casual conversation as you see a context-setting visual on the screen.

Then you will listen to each question as you see the question and the four answer choices on the screen. Academic Discussions consist of second discussions on academic topics by two to five speakers. Each discussion is accompanied by a number of context-setting and content visuals and is followed by three to six questions of varying types.

You will listen to each academic discussion as you see a series of context-setting and content visuals on the screen. Then you will listen to each question as you see the various types of questions and answers on the screen.

Academic Lectures consist of second lectures on academic topics by university professors. Each lecture is accompanied by a number of context-setting am! You will listen to each academic lecture as you see a series of context-setting and content visuals on the screen.

Part A on the computer TOEFL test consists of only short dialogues, while Part B consists of a mixture of casual conversations, academic discussions, and academic lectures. This means that the difficulty of the questions that you see is determined by how well you answer the questions.

The section begins with a medium-level question, and the questions that follow will get easier or harder depending on whether or not you answer the questions correctly.

Be famH:;v- with the directions. Be familiar with computer adaptivity. This means that you will start with a medium-level question, and the difficulty of the questions will increase or decrease depending on whether or not your answers are correct.

Set the volume carefully before you start the Listening section. You have the opportunity to choose the volume that you would like before you start the section.

Dismiss the directions as soon as they come up. The time starts when the directions come up. You should already be familiar with the directions. Listen carefully to the spoken material. You will hear the spoken material one time only. You may not repeat the spoken material during the test. Use the visuals to help you focus on the context. As you listen to the spoken material.

The visual information may help you to understand the conteXt for the spoken material as well as the content of the spoken material. Pace yourself between questions.

You control when the spoken material is played. You may take as much time as you need between questions. Think carefully about a question before you answer it. You may not return to a question later in the test.

You have only one opportunity to answer a given question. Click on an answer on the computer screen when you have selected You may still change your mind at this point and click on a different answer. Click on and then click on to record your answer.

After you click on the Confirm Answer button. A new question will appear. Do not spend too much time on a question you are unsure of. If you truly do not know the answer to a question. The computer will automatically move you into a level of questions that you can answer.

Be very careful not to make careless mistakes. If you mistakenly choose an incorrect answer. You will have to waste time working your way back to the appropriate level of questions. Monitor the time carefully on the title bar of the computer screen. The title bar indicates the time remaining in the Listening section. Do not randomly guess at the end of the section to complete all the questions the section before time is up.

In a computer adaptive section such as the Listening section. After you listen to the dialogue and the question. In the dialoguc, the man asks if the woman has finished studying. This means that she has not quite finished studying and that she has a little more studying to do. Answer C is therefore thc best answer to this qucstion. As you listen to each short dialogue. The answer to the question is generally found in the second line.

Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement of a key word or idea in the second line of the dialogue. Think of possible restatements. Keep in mind that certain structures and expressions are tested regularly in the short dialogues. Usten for these structures and expressions: restatements. Keep in mind that these questions generally progress from easy to difficult.

Read the answers and choose the best answer to each question. Remember to answer each question even if you are not sure of the correct response. Never leave any answers blank.

Be prepared. For each of the short dialogues in this part of the test. After you see the visual and listen to the dialogue, you will see the question and the four answer choices on the computer screen. You must click on the best answer choice on the computer screen. After the dialogue is complete, the question and answer choices appear on the computer screen as the narrator states the question. This question is a regular multiple choice question that asks what the man means.

What does the man mean! The problems are done. There is one small problem to solve. He has not yet started the problems. They have a couple of problems left.

In the dialogue, the man says that there aTe a few. This means that they have a cauple of problems left. The last answer is the best answer, so you should click on the last answer to this question.

Use the visual to help you focus on the context. A context-setting visual appears on. It shows you who is talking and where they are talking. As you listen to each short dialogue, focus on the last line of the dialogue. Usten to the question following the short dialogue as you read it on the screen. Each listening question is both spoken and written on the computer screen. Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement idea in the last line of the dialogue.

Think of possible restatements dialogue. Keep in mind that certain structures and expressions are tested regularly in the dialogues. Usten for these structures and expressions: restatements, negatives, suggestions, passives, wha and where, and agreement 7.

Then click on to record your answer. After you clickon this button,you cannotgo backand changeyour answer. Be prepared for the next question. After you clickon ConfirmAnswer ,the next question beginsautomatically. Next, you should move on to the language skills. B He's a bit ill. C He looks worse than he feels. D His feet are a little thick. The best answer to this question is therefore answer B because answer B restates the idea in the last line of the dialogue.

These words are similar in sound but not in meaning to the words that you hear on the recording. The following chart outlines the most important strategy for short dialogues.

As you listen to the last line of the dialogue. If you see a restatement correct answer. You may want to complete these practice drills before trying the following exercises. Then underline restatements of these key words in the answers, and choose the best answer to each question.

Remember that the best answer is probably the answer that contains a restatement of the key ideas s in the last line of the dialogue. The house is closed up now. He parks his car close to his house. C His home is near a park. Mark said some really nice things to me. He's very grateful for what you did. What does the woman say about Mark? He did a great job. He bought a crate full of fruit.

C He made a great fool of himself. Sam, you've been working at the computer for hOUTS. Yes, and I need to take a break. What does the man mean? You should look for restatements of key idea s in the last line. A The dance was fun. B It was a good time to dance. C She thinks the man is such a good dancer. A His vacation is full of activities. C He can't have a vacation because he suffered a fall.

A She's quite thirsty. B She'll be ready in a half hour. A The book was very enjoyable. B It was unpleasant to get rid of the bugs. C She only reads when it is quiet. A The woman should teach the class herself.

B The woman should see a psychiatrist. C It's a good idea to speak with the instructor. A He hasn't traveled much lately. B There were a lot of cars on the road. C He needs to lose weight. A She has a starring role. B She has not found ajob yet. C She found the lost dog.

A He shares everything he has. B He has to find his lost shirt. C He is climbing the stairs to the apartment. A He doesn't know how to play the game.

B He has to write a story for class. C He needs to complete an assignment. A He always minds his own business. B He manages to avoid working. C He is the manager of the department. The most common kind of correct response to a negative statement is a positive statement containing a word with an opposite meaning. O Tests. It wasn't very E!. In your test book, you read: A The library was noisy.

The correct answer is answer A. If it was not quiet in the library, this means that it was noisy. Notice that the correct answer uses noisy, the opposite of quiet. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that question. Remember that the best answer is one that uses an opposite meaning. A He was rather careless. B He does not care about mistakes. C He took care of the work at home.

D He did not carry the work home. Is there a lot ofsouP? I'm kind of Iwnw. Sorry, there's not a lot. What does the woman mean? There's not very much soap. She doesn't like soup.

There's only a little soup. The man should not be hungrr-. It was cloudy. He couldn't see the sky. It wasn't very crowded. There was a lot of sUllshine. You should pay particular attention to negative expressions. He was on time. He regrets being late. C He doesn't know why he was laIc. A She's sorry she brought the book. B She remembered to say she was sorry. C She forgot the book. A The. B The C The 0 The. A He wants to go by himself. B He isn't going on the trip.

C He has a large number of friends. A She does not have time to park the car. B She has some free time. C She has not been to the park in awhile. D The park is too wild. A He closed the windows.

B It didn't rain. C The windows were open during the storm. A She's certain the plant's alive. B She's not sure what happened to the plant. C She planned to throw it out. The apple is good because it's sweet. B There is an apple in each suite. C The apple doesn't look good. A It's cheap. B It costs a lot. C It has a few problems. D It is hard to find. A She must leave the rock there.

B She needs a big rock. C She should take the rock with her. A She couldn't think of a single answer. B The test was easy. C It was impossible to think curing the exam. D It was too quiet.

A He will finish quickly. B He works slowly. C He isn't worried. D He doesn't like to work. A Her mother and father were hungry. B She was angry at her parents. C Her mother and father got home too late. A He didn't get a car. B The car he got wasn't real; it was a toy. C He really wanted a car but couldn't get one. He paid the rent two days ago. B The rent wasn't due the day before yesterday.

C One day earlier he'd rented an apartment. D Yesterday he spent the whole day ranting. A Barry's too old to enjoy camping. B Not enough people are going camping.

C This weekend is not a good time for camping. D Barry's too young to go camping. A He has to water the lawn. B He's sorry about having to move. C He's washing his clothes.

B He prefers dry weather. C The weather there is good for humans. A It was difficult to play because of the wind. B He's unhappy because they lost. C He doesn't like playing football in the winter. The following example shows an expression of suggestion. On the recording, you hear: man I haven 'I lalked wilh my parents in a while. In this example, the expression why don't is an expression of suggestion, so the woman's suggestion is to mll them.

This means that the woman suggests phoning his family. The best answer is therefore answer D. The following chart lists common expressions that show suggestion. Remember that the best answer is one that gives a suggestion. The weather's so beautiful today. Let's walk to school instead of driving. Taking the car to school Taking a walk instead of going to school C Going for a drive in the beautiful weather D Going to class on foot.

We don't have any IJlans tonight, do we? No, so why don't we invite some friends over to dinner? What does the woman suggest? You should pay particular attention to expressions of suggestion. A Working on the term paper the whole day B Spending a little money on paper C Doing a better job of planning her term paper D Spending the whole term on the paper 9. There's nothing in the car. B He has enough time now. C He doesn't want a car now.

D He prefers to do it later. A He overstepped his authority. B He worked too much in the morning. C He stayed in bed too long. D He was late getting home in the morning. A She's rather quiet. B He doesn't really know her. C She's had many difficulties. D He's never talked to her. A She's sure she saw him. B She doubts what he said. C She isn't sure she told him her name.

D She shares his beliefs. A The break regularly lasts an hour. B No dishes were broken. C The break comes at its usualtime. D It regularly takes an hour to rake the lawn. This problem is often tested in the short dialogues. In your test book, you read: A She brought the chair with her.

B The chair was lost for a week. C The chair was purchased recently. D She bought the last chair from the store. You should note the following about passive sentences in the short dialogues.

If the dialogue contains a passive statement, the answer to the question is often an active statement. If the dialogue contains an active statement, the answer to the question is often a passive statement.

NOTE: Check carefully who or what is doing the action in these questions. EXERCISE 4: In this exercise, each of the correct answers is either a passive restatement of an active sentence or an active restatement of a passive sentence.

Read the short dialogue and underline the key active or passive statement. Then read the question and choose the best answer to the question. Make sure you understand who or what is doing the action in these passive sentences. The cafeteria is to the left.

She left a note on the cafeteria door. She took some notes in the cafeteria. The notebook was left in the cafeteria. I-Vhenare we going to talk about the problem with the copy machine? It will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. A She needs to make copies before the meeting.

B They will talk about the problem tomorrow. C It is a problem to have a meeting. A The paper has been thoroughly corrected. B He wrote many of the lines over and over.

C The checkmarks were on every line of the paper. You should pay particular attention to passives. A Her family just arrived. C She opened the door to greet her family. D The box from her family was opened. A He completed the report. C The report is due tomorrow morning.

D The report still needs an infinite amount of work. A The parents are in bed now. C The parents stayed away from the children. D The children have gone to bed. A He got lost. C He did not need a key to the door. D The key was lost. A He picked out some flowered wallpaper for the dining room. C The flowers were placed on the table.

D The flowers were grown in the dining room. A Nothing is really the matter. C She left her purse in the store. D Someone took her purse. A He's quite scared. COl He likes her pets. C He would like to pick up a little snake. D He frightens the snakes. A She wrote directions in a letter. B Instructions were followed exactly. C A new director has been appointed.

D She would follow the man to the housing project. A They can cook supper in no time. C He's a super cook. D Dinner needs to be prepared. A The exam really is tomorrow. C The professor moved the exam to another day. D They have to change their plans for tomorrow. A It's the middle of the winter. B The weather is not very calm. C The boat needs wind to go. D They need to unwind the sails. A He gets up every day at sunrise.

B The door is open to let the sunshine in. C He parks his car out of the sunlight. D The park is open all day long. A She ate part of Steve's meal. B Steve didn't pay for his meal. C Steve had five courses for dinner. D She was given some money. A It's red. B It's not dry. C It needs to be watched. D He's going to wash it. A Everyone feels relaxed a't"the party.

B There are enough people to have a party. C The amount of food is adequate. D Part of the food is on the table. A The meeting was at four o'clock. B Everyone came to the meeting in uniforms. C The information was given at the meeting. D No one was uninformed about the meeting. A The washing machine was repaired.

B He washed some clothes this morning. C He broke some dishes while he was washing them. D The washing machine needs to be fixed.

In this type of question the answer is not clearly stated; instead you must draw a conclusion based on clues given in the dialogue. One kind of conclusion that is common in this part of the test is to ask you to determine who the speaker is, based on clues given in the dialogue.

Who is lhe woman moslliktly 10 be? I'd like 10 opni an accounl, pleau. Answer B is therefore the correct answer. The following chart outlines the key point that you should remember. Who is probably talking? EXERCISE 5: In this exercise, read the short dialogue and question, underline the clues that help you answer the question, and then choose the best answer.

You will have to draw conclusions about who and where. I'd like to mail this package, please. First or second class? Who is the woman most likely to be? How much are theflowers? Ten dollars a bouquet. Where does this conversation probably take place?

I need to get this prescription filled. If you 'lltake a seat, I'll have your medicine ready for you in a moment. Who is the woman most likely. A The plane came in at night. B The flight was scheduled to last two hours. C The fight started at two o'clock. A He's unhappy with the sofa. B He likes the news.

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