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Heredity and evolution Part 8 Understanding Mendels Experiment. Heredity and evolution Part 9 Principles of Inheritance.
Heredity and evolution Part 10 How traits get expressed sex determination. Heredity and evolution Part 11 Heredity Questions. Heredity and evolution Part 12 Evolution variation. Heredity and evolution Part 13 How evolution occurs.
The dynamic process is called evolution. Biological development is not just a matter of change over time. Many things change over time, like trees grow their leaves, mountain ranges and lose erode. But they are not examples of biological development because they do not include offspring through genetic heritage.
Through modification, through the process of lineage, the general ancestor of life on Earth gave birth to a diverse variety which we see in fossil records and around us today.
Study in detail with animated videos by clicking Class 10 Science. Nutrition in the Plants. Nutrition and Modes of Nutrition. The defects of vision and their correction. How do Organisms Reproduce. Takshila learning is known for its quality coaching. Follow us on Blogarama. Your email address will not be published.
On cross pollination, he got all tall plants in first generation F 1. On the basis of these experiments, the characteristics appeared in first generation were called dominant i.
The traits appeared in first generation were termed as dominant. When he used these F 1 progeny to generate F 2 progeny by self-pollination plants of different types were produced. In some plants both the traits were dominant, while in some plants both were recessive and some plants exhibited mixed traits. This indicates that traits are inherited independently.
Question 3. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits � blood group A or O � is dominant? Why or why not? Answer: This information is not enough. This is because each individual is carrying two alleles.
The recessive trait can occur only when who alleles are similar. It blood group A is dominant and O is recessive, then daughter can have blood group O only when both recessive alleles occur together in mother, and father has one allele of O and other of A.
Question 4. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings? All the female gametes carry only X chromosomes. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the following situations become possible. Thus there are 50 � 50 chances of a male or female child and none of the parents may Sex determination in humans be considered responsible for it.
The sex-determination mechanism is shown alongside. What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population?
Answer: Different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population are as follow :. Why are traits acquired during the life-time of an individual not inherited?
Answer: The traits acquired during the life-time are changes in the non-reproductive cells of the organisms and are not capable of being passed on to the next generation. Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics?
Answer: The small numbers of surviving tigers are a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics because in tigers there are negligible genetic variations. Due to this they are not well adapted. The rapid environmental changes cannot be favouable for them. If these changes are not controlled, tigers would be wiped out. What factors would lead to the rise of a new species? Answer: The factors that would lead to the rise of a new species are the following :. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self- pollinating plant species?
Answer: The geographical isolation cannot be major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species because it does not have to look the plants for its process of reproduction to be carried out. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually? Answer: Geographical isolation cannot be a major factor in the speciation of an asexually reproducing organism because it does not require any other organism to carry out reproduction.
Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms. Answer: If similar characteristics are shown in different organisms, then these are considered to be inherited from the common ancestry.
It also shows the closeness of the species. For example, bats and birds have some similarity in their wings, so they are closely related, while lizard and squirrel do not have wings so these are not closely related to the birds and bats. Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Answer: The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat cannot be considered to be homologous organs because they have different basic designs though they are used for the same purpose of flying.
They are analogous organs. What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution? Answer: Fossils : Fossils are the remains or traces of a dead organism.
These are formed through the formation of sedimentary rocks. They provide following information on the process of evolution. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to belong to the same species? Answer: This is because although genetic make up of humans may be slightly different in different races of people, there is no reproductive isolation.
Reproductive isolation differentiates one species from the other. Human beings different in size, colour and looks can marry among themselves and produce fertile offspring. Answer: Bacteria is a primitive organism as they came into being very early in evolution. But these organisms are still surviving in the present conditions after millions of years.
This is because they have adapted well to the changing environment over these years. Same is the case for all other organisms like spiders, fishes and chimpanzees which have adapted to their environment and have survived. Therefore, all the organisms which exist have a body design which is better as it is suited to their environment. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers.
The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with : a a Chinese school-boy b a chimpanzee c a spider d a bacterium Answer: a A Chinese school-boy. A study found that children with light coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Answer: This information is not complete. On the basis of this, it cannot 10th Ncert Heredity And Evolution Java be decided light colour trait is dominant or recessive.
So it cannot be said until one does not know the nature of this trait in the parents. Question 5. How are the areas of study-evolution and classification interlinked?
Justify this statement. Resemblances in organisms are because they have arisen from a common ancestor and differences in them are due to adaptations to different types of environment. Since the organisms can be graded in order of increasing complexity it indicates at the concept of evolution.
Question 6. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples. For example, The wings of an insect and a bird are analogous organs. Homologous organs : Those organs which have the same basic structure or same basic design but different functions are called homologous organs. For example, The wing of a bat, flipper of a seal, front leg of a horse and arm of a man are homologous organs. Question 7. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.
Answer: Suppose a black homozygous male is mated with a white homozygous female. If the progeny has all black dogs then the dominant coat colour is black. Question 8. Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships. Answer: Fossils play important role in providing evolutionary evidences because by knowning the age of fossils we can know about the evolution process of an organism.
For example, a fossil bird called archaeopteryx that looked like a bird had many other features of reptiles. It had feathered wings like those of birds, but teeth and tail like those of reptiles. Archaeopteryx is, therefore, a connecting link between the reptiles and birds, and hence suggests that the birds have evolved from the reptiles. Question 9. What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter? Haldane at first in suggested that life is originated from inanimate matter.
According to him life must have developed from the simple inorganic molecules which were present at that time. Later, Miller and Urey in presented its evidences.
They assembled an apparatus to create an early earth atmosphere which was supposed to consist of gases like methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, etc.
At the end of one week, it was found that about 15 per cent of carbon from methane had been converted into simple compounds and amino acids which make up protein molecules formed in living organisms. This experiment provides the evidence that the life originated from inanimate matter or lifeless matter like inorganic molecules. Question Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction.
How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually? These variations are inherited and increase the chances of survival of an organism. How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? Gametes in the sexually reproducing organisms are formed by the process of meiosis during which half of the genetic material goes into each gamete. When the gametes from male and female parents fuse with each other during sexual reproduction, the normal complement is restored.
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