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The rapidly surfacing environmental issues are being constantly debated on a global level as our planet earth is struggling with climate change, global warming, ozone depletion, water shortage, pollution, waste management and many more. Through a dedicated chapter in NCERT Class 10 Science syllabu sstudents are familiarized with the essential factors which are significantly impacting our environment as well as the different ways they are causing harm to our planet.

If you are studying this chapter and need a thorough summary, this blog has collated Class 10 Our Environment notes covering the major topics and important exam questions in reference to this chapter.

It is often interchangeably used with nature and surroundings, but an array of different components form an environment. Everything around us, including both living and nonliving components like soil, animals, plants, microbes.

While going through the notes for Class 10 Our Environment, you must also remember that the living and non-living components in an environment adapt themselves according to the surroundings and play a significant role in maintaining the balance of the environment which is very important in sustaining life on planet earth. The chapter on Our Environment in Class 10 also covers the concept of Ecosystem. When all the living and nonliving components like plants, animals, human beings, soil, air.

Also, it is important to note that whether they are natural or artificial, an ecosystem is a combination of biotic and abiotic components that interacts with each other in a surrounding and contributes to maintaining the environmental balance. Examples of Ecosystem A garden is an ecosystem that has biotic components and abiotic components that interact with each other and makes collective growth.

Forests, lakes, oceans, ponds. On the other hand, artificial ecosystems are usually aquariums, gardens, crop-fields. We have also summarized the basic definitions of producers, consumers and decomposers in an environment through our Class 10 Our Environment notes.

Different organisms get their nourishment from nature in different ways. Based on how an organism gets the nutrient from the environment, it can be clubbed in three categories, i.

Producers : Organisms like green plants and certain types of bacteria make their food using the radiant energy of the sun. Thus, when an organism makes the class 10th ncert our environment mod compound using the inorganic substance, it is called as producers.

Example: Green plants produce their food by the method of photosynthesis. Consumers : When an organism depends on the producers for its nourishment or consumes the food directly or indirectly from the producers, then such organisms are called consumers.

It can be classified into herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivores, and parasites. Decomposers : Organisms that get the nutrient by decomposing the dead plants class 10th ncert our environment mod animals are called decomposers. A decomposer breaks the complex organic substance into simple inorganic substances that can be used by other organisms.

Example: Bacteria, fungi. Class 10 Our Environment also covers the concepts of class 10th ncert our environment mod chains and food webs which are integral to the class 10th ncert our environment mod functioning of any ecosystem.

Organisms feed on one another for fulfilling their nourishment needs in the environment. These organisms constitute the biotic levels and form a food chain. Thus, a food chain can be described as a series of organisms wherein one organism eats another one. Every step of the food chain forms a trophic level that includes producers at the first level, primary consumers at the second level, secondary consumers at the third level, and tertiary consumers at the fourth level.

While class 10th ncert our environment mod Class 10 Our Environment notes, you must also go through the concept of the flow of energy in any ecosystem and environment. For all the living organisms, food is the primary source of energy. When different components of the environment interact with each other, it creates a flow of energy that transmits from one component to.

Autotrophs or the producers Class 10th Ncert Our Environment Quart capture the energy of the sunlight to produce food. This energy flows from autotrophs to heterotrophs and decomposers in a class 10th ncert our environment mod chain, making a flow of energy. However, during the transmission, the energy gets converted into other forms, and some energy gets lost in the transmission that cannot be used. A flow of energy moves progressively throughout the trophic level and will always be unidirectional.

It means that autotrophs cannot give back the energy to the sun, and the same applies to heterotrophs and decomposers. Moving further to the summary of the next sub-unit in Class 10 Our Environment notes, the topic of the Ozone Layer is an imperative one to understand. Ozone is a molecule that contains three atoms of oxygen. While it is a deadly poison at the class 10th ncert our environment mod level, it plays a significant role at the higher levels of the atmosphere in protecting the earth.

It absorbs the UV radiation of the sun and protects the organisms from different types of severe health problems like class 10th ncert our environment mod cancer. The increased use of CFCs chlorofluorocarbons in appliances like refrigerators and fire extinguishers affects the ozone layer.

It is one of the reasons that are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. Thus, many modern-day appliances are CFC-free, which helps in sustaining the level of the ozone layer in the Ncert Solutions Class 10th Our Environment Ltd atmosphere.

Careless waste disposal creates different environmental problems. Categorized as biodegradable or non-biodegradable, waste causes a hazardous impact on the surrounding when left undisposed. The difference between the two types of waste is that when a substance is easily broken down by biological processes and decomposed completely, it is said to be biodegradable but when a substance is not broken by the biological processes or decomposed it is said to be non-biodegradable.

With the increase in garbage and waste materials, it is important to manage waste disposal by various means. The best ways to facilitate garbage management is through methods like biogas plants, sewage treatment plants, land fillings, recycling. Now that you have gone through the Class 10 Our Environment notes, here are some important exam questions you must practice:.

Thus, we hope that our detailed Class 10 Our Environment notes help you understand the essentials of this chapter. Planning to opt for Science after 10th?

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So, plants utilizes only 10 J of energy. Thus, carnivore animals have only 0. Environmental Problems: Changes in the environment affect us and our activities change the environment around us. This led to the slow degradation of the environment that arose many environmental problems.

For Example; depletion of the Ozone Layer and waste disposal. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone O3 layer is largely found in the stratosphere which is a part of our atmosphere from 12 km km above sea level.

This region is called ozonosphere. Ozone is deadly poisonous at the ground level. Ozone is formed as a result of the following photochemical reaction.

Ozone layer is a protective blanket around earth which absorbs most of the harmful U. Ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, thus, protecting the living beings of the Earth from health hazards like skin cancer, cataract in eyes, weaken immune system, destruction of plants etc. For example; Freon which are used as refrigerants and also in fire extinguishers caused Ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere.

A single chlorine atom can destroys 1,00, Ozone molecules. Biological Magnification: The increase in concentration of harmful chemical substances like pesticides in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological magnification.

Example: Maximum concentration of such chemicals gets accumulated in human bodies. The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are different methods of waste disposal. The method to be used depends on the nature of the waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are :. Environment: The combination of all the physical and biological conditions affecting the responses of living organisms is called environment.

Non-biodegradable wastes: The wastes which cannot be broken down by the enzymes produced by microorganisms into simpler and harmless products in nature are called non- biodegradable wastes.

Incineration: Destruction Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter Our Environment of waste materials by burning at high temperature is called incineration. Biotic Community: A group of various populations of organisms living in a region is called the biotic community.

Ecosystems: The self-contained and distinct functional unit capable of independent existence made by the interaction of living and non-living components is called an ecosystem. Autotrophs: Those organisms which can produce their own food are called autotrophs or producers. All green plants are producers. Consumers: Those organisms which are unable to synthesise their food themselves and consume the food produced by producers or eat other organisms as food, are known as consumers.

Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi which break down the complex organic compounds present in the dead plants and animals and their products into simpler substances are known as decomposers.

Food Chain: A series of organisms in a community in which one organism consumes another organism to transfer food energy is called a food chain. Trophic levels: Each step of the food chain is known as a trophic level.

Food Web: The web formed by the interconnection of food-chains of the various trophic levels is called a food web. Biomagnification: The increase in the concentration of the harmful chemicals in the body of an organism per unit its mass at each successive trophic level in a food chain is known as biomagnification. Ozone-depleting substances: Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs , oxides of nitrogen, methane, carbon tetrachloride and chlorine are the ozone-depleting substances.

It includes air, light, soil, temperature, water and the presence or absence of other organisms, i. The environment has three main components, viz :. Physical environment: It is also called a abiotic or non-living environment. It includes :. Other important constituents of the biotic environment includes Kites and vultures as they feed on dead organisms and act as scavengers cleansing agents of the environment.

Ecosystem: A community of organisms, interacting with each other, plus the environment in which they live and with which they also interact. The examples of the ecosystem are a pond; a desert; a forest; a lake; a river; a mountain; the sea.

All the above ecosystems are made up of two main components. Autotrophs Producers and Heterotrophs consumers :. Food chain: The sequence of living organisms in a. Ozone layer : Ozone O 3 is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen unlike oxygen which is required for respiration by aerobic forms, ozone is a deadly poison.

However, at the higher levels of the atmosphere,. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet UV radiation from the Sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings. Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV radiation, acting on oxygen O2 molecule. The higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular oxygen O2 into free oxygen O atoms.

These atoms then combine with the molecular oxygen to form ozone as shown: Depletion of ozone layer: Ozone layer gets depleted � due to the use of chemicals called aerosol, spray propellants like chlorofluorocarbons.

Biological magnification: It means accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals like pesticides in the living organisms like plants, animals, including man in a food chain. Biodegradable wastes and Non-biodegradable wastes:. A generalised food chain:. Food web: A food web is a network of food chains which establish a network of relationships between various species.

Food web showing 8 interlinked food chains. Harmful effects of biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Substance The waste destroys the natural beauty and our surroundings become dirty. Decomposition of these wastes results in the production of foul smell, which spreads to the surrounding areas. These wastes may also block the drains creating pools of waste, which becomes the breeding sites of mosquitoes.

The latter is carriers of diseases like malaria and dengue. The wastes that are broken down naturally by microbial action. The wastes that are not broken down by the microbes. Biodegradation forms harmless and non- poisonous products. No such action is possible. They release raw materials back to nature. They do not release raw materials. They pollute the environment only when they are produced in quantity beyond the capacity of the environment to degrade them.

Non-biodegradable wastes pollute the environment even in small quantity. Bioconcentration does not occur. Bioconcentration or biomagnifications occurs when wastes enter food chains. Recycling is possible both naturally or through human efforts. Recycling is possible only through human efforts. The consumers can be classified into the following types : Herbivores. Importance of Decomposers Decomposers help in disposing of the wastes and dead bodies of plants and animals.

Therefore, they clean the environment and create space for a living of newer generations of organisms. The decomposers release minerals and other raw materials trapped in organic matter.

These are picked up by plants. This also helps to maintain the fertility of soil. The decomposers produce some acids which are useful in solubilization of some minerals. Decomposers help in recycling the materials in the biosphere so that, the process of life may go on and on like an unending chain.

Edaphic factors like soil texture, topography, water, and air. Inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium. These are involved in the cyclic of materials in the ecosystem.

Organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These largely form the living body and link the abiotic and biotic components. Functions of an Ecosystem Ecosystem indicates available solar energy and the efficiency of an ecosystem to trap the same.

It gives information about the available essential minerals and their recycling periods. It provides knowledge about the web of interactions and inter-relationship among the various population as well as between the population and the abiotic environment. It helps human beings to know about conservation of resources, protection from pollution and inputs required for maximizing productivity. In the ecosystem, two processes of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles nutrients movement proceed side by side.

The energy flow is unidirectional while the movement of nutrients is cyclic. The food chains, transfer energy and materials between various living components of an ecosystem. The food chains transfer energy and materials between various living components in an ecosystem or biosphere.

The food chains give dynamicity to an ecosystem or biosphere. The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc. The various trophic levels are given below : The plant or the producers constitute the first trophic level.

The herbivores or primary consumers form the second trophic level. Carnivores or secondary consumers make up the third trophic level. Large carnivores or the tertiary consumers which feed upon the small carnivores constitute the fourth trophic level.

Some of the important modes of waste disposal are : Incineration: Burning of waste on high temperature to form ash is called incineration. This process is carried out in an incinerator. Incineration is used to destroy household, chemical and biological wastes. Open dumping: A conventional method in which solid waste are dumped in selected areas of a town.

It is then covered with a thin layer of soil. After about three months the same garbage filled inside the pit changes into organic manure. Recycling: The solid wastes is broken down into its constituent simpler materials. What steps are being taken to limit this damage?

Answer: The damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern because if the ozone layer in the atmosphere disappears completely, then all the extremely harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun would reach the earth.

These ultraviolet radiations would cause skin cancer and other ailments in men and animals and also damage the plants. Our environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances. Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Question 1. Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?

Answer: Substances that are broken down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable. In our environment, many of the substances are broken easily by decomposers bacteria and fungi as they possess specific enzymes for such activity. However, there are other substances also which are not broken down in this manner and are known as non-biodegradable substances.

Since these substances are not degraded by bacteria and fungi, so they persist for a long time. These non-biodegradable substances will be acted upon by physical processes like heat and pressure. Question 2. Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment. Question 3. Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment. What are trophic levels?

Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it. Answer: Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level.

Consider the following food chain:. What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem? Answer: Role of decomposers in the ecosystem :. What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem? Answer: Ozone O 3 is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. At the higher of the atmosphere, it shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet UV radiation from the Sun. It may affect any ecosystem in the following ways :. How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal?

Give any two methods? Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items? Which of the following constitute a food-chain? Which of the following are environment-friendly practices? Question 4. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level? Answer: If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, then transfer of energy as well as matter to next higher level will stop.

It will lead to over- population at one particular level causing amongst the individuals. This would seriously disturb the food chain and can cause the collapse of an ecosystem even. Question 5. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Answer: Yes, the impact Of removing all the Organisms in a trophic level will be different for different trophic levels. It will not be possible to remove any organism in any trophic level without causing damage to the ecosystem.

Question 6. What is biological magnification? Answer: The accumulation of harmful chemicals in the body of living organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain is called biological magnification.

Yes, the concentration of these harmful chemicals will be different at different trophic levels. It will be maximum at the last trophic levels which is mostly of the top carnivores quaternary consumers. Question 7. What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?

Answer: i Non-biodegradable wastes persist in the environment for a long time and cause greater harm to the various members of the ecosystem by causing biological magnification. Question 8. If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment? Answer: Biodegradable waste will be recycled easily by the decomposers such as bacteria and fungi.

It will have only this bad impact on our environment that, many Of the gases released during decomposition process may result in global warming.

Question 9. Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? Answer: The ozone shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet UV radiation from the sun. These radiations are highly damaging as they can cause cancer in both plants and animals, damage to eyes and immune system.

They can also lead to variations in global rainfall, ecological disturbances and dwindling of global food supplies. Due to these reasons, damage to the ozone layer is a major cause for concern. Steps which are taken to limit this damage :. Identify the original source of the energy which flows through a food chain? A teacher draws the pyramid of energy on board and writes A, B, C and D, in each trophic level as shown in the diagram given alongside.

Which level represents the herbivores? Producers harness the maximum energy followed by primary consumers, i. Which of the following groups contains only biodegradable items? Which of the following constitutes a food-chain?

Producers grass forms the first trophic level, herbivore goat the second and carnivore human the third trophic level. Which of the following are environment- friendly practices? Hence, all these practices are considered as environment friendly. Which of the following statements about food chain are correct? It proceeds in straight line. Food chain does not consist of branching lines.

In class, the teacher explained the concept of food chain and energy flow. She made a diagram as given below and asked the students to identify the producer organism in the chain. Answer: b Cabbage is the producer component of this chain. It produces food using sunlight and other components by photosynthesis process. Others are all consumers. An ecosystem includes a all living organisms b non-living objects , c both living organisms and non-living objects d sometimes living organisms and sometimes non-living objects Answer: c All the interacting organisms in an area taken together with the non-living constituents of the environment form an ecosystem.

Thus, an ecosystem consists of biotic components including all living organisms and abiotic components constituting physical factors like temperature, rainfall, wind, soil and minerals. In the following groups of materials, which group s contains only non-biodegradable items? On the other hand, substances that are broken down decomposed by biological processes are said to be biodegradable, e.

Question Which of the following statement is incorrect? Answer: b Green plants prepare their food from inorganic compounds using radiant energy of the sun in the presence of chlorophyll. All green plants and blue-green algae are called producers as they can prepare food from inorganic substances by photosynthesis.

Producers capture the solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. What will happen if deer is missing in the food chain given below? Answer: d If deer is missing in the given food chain, there will not be sufficient food for the tigers. Some of the tigers will die because of starvation and hence, the population of tigers will decrease.

Since, grass is eaten by deers, the population of grass will also increase whefl deer is missing. In a class activity, two students were asked to collect different items from their fellow mates and classify them as biodegradable and non- biodegradable.

All the items have been identified except three. Find out which one is non-biodegradable among these? These products are made from plastic and hence are non-biodegradable. The diagram shows excretory losses from a rat to the environment. Which of the following will not be returned to the ecosystem and recycled? The generated is returned through the carbon cycle. Salts are used by living organisms present in the ecosystem. Urea also returns to the nitrogen cycle.

Which of the following limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain? At each trophic level, a large portion of energy is utilised for the maintenance of organisms that occur at that trophic level. So, organisms at higher level gets less and less energy at successive levels. If a grasshopper is eaten by a frog, then the energy transfer will be from a producer to decomposer b producer to primary consumer c primary consumer to secondary consumer d secondary consumer to primary consumer Answer: c In a food chain, if a grasshopper is eaten by a frog, then the energy transfer will be from primary consumer to secondary consumer.

Grasshopper feeds on producers i. So, it occupies the level of primary consumer. Frogs, eating grasshopper thus become the secondary consumer. In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what will be the energy available at the producer level? In this food chain, at the 4th trophic level, only 5 kJ energy is available Class 10th Ncert Our Environment Report to the snake.

So, the energy available at the producer level will be kJ. It can be shown as. Eco-system It is defined as functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.

Hence, there are two main components of the ecosystem: Biotic: Living organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and humans. Abiotic: It includes physical factors such as temperature, rainfall, wind, soil and minerals. Examples of natural ecosystem: forests, ponds, lakes, etc, and human made or artificial ecosystems are gardens, crop-fields, aquarium etc. Ecosystem consists of various organisms which can be classified as producers and consumers.

Producers are the organisms which make organic compounds like sugar, starch, etc from inorganic substances with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll. Consumers are the organisms which are dependent on producers for their nutrition. They can be grouped as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, and decomposers. Thus, they help in proper cycling of the nutrients in an ecosystem.

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