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A steering wheel also called a driving wheel or a hand wheel is a type of steering control in vehicles. Steering wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-production automobiles , buses, light and heavy trucks, as well as tractors.
The steering wheel is the part of the steering system that is manipulated by the driver; the rest of the steering system responds to such driver inputs. This can be through direct mechanical contact as in recirculating ball or rack and pinion steering gears, without or with the assistance of hydraulic power steering , HPS, or as in some modern production cars with the assistance of computer-controlled motors, known as electric power steering.
Near the start of the 18th century, a large number of sea vessels appeared using the ship's wheel design, but historians are unclear when that approach to steering was first used. From , the Panhard et Levassor cars were equipped as standard with steering wheels. Charles Rolls introduced the first car in Britain fitted with a steering wheel when he imported a 6 hp Panhard from France in In , Thomas B. Jeffery and his son, Charles T.
Jeffery, developed two advanced experimental cars featuring a front-mounted engine, as well as a steering wheel that was mounted on the left-hand side. At the insistence of Thomas B. Jeffery, the position of the driver was also moved to the left-hand side of the car during the Rambler production.
Steering wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular and are mounted to the steering column by a hub connected to the outer ring of the steering wheel by one or more spokes single spoke wheels being a rather rare exception. Other types of vehicles may use the circular design, a butterfly shape, or some other shape.
In countries where cars must drive on the left side of the road , the steering wheel is typically on the right side of the car right-hand drive or RHD ; the converse applies in countries where cars drive on the right side of the road left-hand drive or LHD. In addition to its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usual location for a button to activate the car's horn. Modern automobiles may have other controls, such as cruise control , audio system, and telephone controls, as well as paddle-shifters , built into the steering wheel to minimize the extent to which the driver must take their hands off the wheel.
The steering Ship Wooden Steering Wheel 20 wheels were rigid and mounted on non-collapsible steering columns. This arrangement increased the risk of impaling the driver in case of a severe crash.
The first collapsible steering column was invented in but was never successfully marketed. Power steering gives the driver an easier means by which the steering of a car can be accomplished. Modern power steering has almost universally relied on a hydraulic system, although electrical systems are steadily replacing this technology. Mechanical power steering systems were introduced, such as on Studebakers.
While other methods of steering passenger cars have resulted from experiments, for example the "wrist-twist" steering of the Mercury Park Lane concept car was controlled by two 5-inch mm rings, [16] none have yet been deployed as successfully as the conventional large steering wheel. Passenger automobile regulations implemented by the U.
Department of Transportation required the locking of steering wheel rotation or transmission locked in "park" to hinder motor vehicle theft ; in most vehicles, this is accomplished when the ignition key is removed from the ignition lock.
See steering lock. The driver's seat, and therefore the steering wheel, is centrally located on certain high-performance sports cars, such as the McLaren F1 , and in the majority of single-seat racing cars. As drivers may have their hands on the steering wheel for hours at a time these are designed with ergonomics in mind.
However, the most important concern is that the driver can effectively convey torque to the steering system; this is especially important in vehicles without power steering or in the rare event of a loss of steering assist. A typical design for circular steering wheels is a steel or magnesium rim with a plastic or rubberized grip molded over and around it. Some drivers purchase vinyl or textile steering wheel covers to enhance grip or comfort, or simply as decoration.
Another device used to make steering easier is the brodie knob. A similar device in aircraft is the yoke. Water vessels not steered from a stern-mounted tiller are directed with the ship's wheel , which may have inspired the concept of the steering wheel.
The steering wheel is better than other user interfaces and has persisted because driving requires precise feedback that only comes from a large interface. Early Formula One cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars. They were normally made from wood necessitating the use of driving gloves , and in the absence of packaging constraints, they tended to be made as large a diameter as possible, to reduce the effort needed to turn.
As cars grew progressively lower and cockpits narrower throughout the s and s, steering wheels became smaller, so as to fit into the more compact space available. The number of spokes in the steering wheel has continuously changed. Most early cars had four-spoke steering wheels.
A Banjo steering wheel was an option on early automobiles. The wire spokes were a buffer or absorber between the driver's hands and the drum of the road. Most were 3- or 4-spokes made of four or five wires in each Ship Wooden Steering Wheel Cell Phone spoke, hence the name "Banjo". The steering wheel should be used with strategic movements of the hand and wrist in spinning motions. Caution and care should be used to ensure the safety of the extremities. The constant motions used must be performed with caution.
As a rule, the wrist should not be bent, but must be kept straight to avoid overexertion of such tissues like tendons and tendon sheaths and compression of nerves and blood vessels. The act of turning the steering wheel while the vehicle is stationary is called dry steering. It is generally advised to avoid dry steering as it puts a strain on the steering mechanism and causes undue wear of the tires.
The first button added to the steering wheel was a switch to activate the car's electric horn. Traditionally located on the steering wheel hub or center pad, the horn switch was sometimes placed on the spokes or activated via a decorative horn ring which obviated the necessity to move a hand away from the rim.
Electrical connections are made via a slip ring. A further development, the Rim Blow steering wheel, integrated the horn switch into the steering wheel rim. In , Ford offered the Highway Pilot Speed Control Option, [33] with steering wheel pad-mounted rocker switches, on its Thunderbird. Uniquely, the Thunderbird also lightly applied the brakes and illuminated the stop lamps when the Retard was continuously depressed with the cruise control on, but not engaged.
In , Lincoln added two rocker switches on the steering wheel to activate various cruise control functions on the Continental and Continental Mark IV. In the s, a proliferation of new buttons began to appear on automobile steering wheels. Remote or alternate adjustments could include vehicle audio , telephone, and voice control navigation. Often scroll wheels or buttons are used to set volume levels or page through menus, change radio stations or audio tracks.
These Ship Wooden Steering Wheel 080 controls can use universal interfaces, [36] wired or wirelessly. Game controllers are available for arcade cabinets , personal computers, and console games are designed to look and feel like a steering wheel and intended for use in racing games. The least expensive units are paddle controllers with a larger wheel, but many gaming wheels also employ force feedback to simulate the tactile feedback a real driver feels from a steering wheel.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Banjo steering wheel. This article is about steering wheels in land vehicles. For the use in vessels, see Ship's wheel. This section does not cite any sources.
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. December Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: racing wheel. Retrieved 20 June Archived from the original on 4 December Retrieved 4 January The World on Wheels - Volume I.
Archived from the original on 16 March Retrieved 20 March Archived from the original on 20 May Ward's AutoWorld. Archived from the original on 28 July Wayne State University Press.
ISBN The World's Work. Motor Trend. Haynes-Apperson and America's first practical automobile: a history. Popular Mechanics. Popular Science. November Archived from the original on 29 November Retrieved 27 November Archived from the original on 29 May February Retrieved 9 November Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 22 May Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 26 June Retrieved 7 November
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