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Queen Elizabeth 2 , often referred to simply as QE2 , is a retired British ocean liner converted into a floating hotel.
Originally built for the Cunard Line , Queen Elizabeth 2 was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from to She was then laid up until converted and since 18 April has been operating as a floating hotel in Dubai.
She served as the flagship of the line from until succeeded by the Queen Mary 2 in She was considered the last of the transatlantic ocean liners until Queen Mary 2 entered service. Queen Elizabeth 2 was also the last oil-fired passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic in scheduled liner service until she was refitted with a modern diesel powerplant in � She undertook regular world cruises during almost 40 years of service, and later operated predominantly as a cruise ship, sailing out of Southampton , England.
Queen Elizabeth 2 had no running mate and never ran a year-round weekly transatlantic express service to New York. She did, however, continue the Cunard tradition of regular scheduled transatlantic crossings every year of her service life. Queen Elizabeth 2 was retired from active Cunard service on 27 November She had been acquired by the private equity arm of Dubai World , which planned to begin conversion of the vessel to a room floating hotel moored at the Palm Jumeirah , Dubai.
The grand opening was set for October By , it was obvious that transatlantic travel was becoming dominated by air travel due to its speed and low cost relative to sea routes, with passenger numbers split between sea and air transport. Despite falling passenger revenues, Cunard did not want to give up its traditional role as a provider of a North Atlantic passenger service, and so decided to replace the existing ageing Queens with a new ocean liner designated "Q3", as it would be the third Cunard Queen.
Work had proceeded as far as the preparation of submissions from six shipyards and applying for government financial assistance with the construction when misgivings among some executives and directors, coupled with a shareholder revolt, led to the benefits of the project being reappraised and ultimately cancelled on 19 October Cunard decided to continue with a replacement "Queen" but with an altered operating regime and more flexible design.
Realising the decline of transatlantic trade, it was visualised that she would be a three-class First, Cabin and Tourist dual-purpose ship operating for eight months of the year on the transatlantic route, and during the winter months would operate as a cruise ship in warmer climates. Compared with the older Queens, which had two engine rooms and four propellers, the newly designated Q4 would be smaller with one boiler room, one engine room and two propellers, which combined with automation would allow a smaller engineering complement.
The interior and superstructure for the QE2 was designed by James Gardner. His design for the ocean liner was described by The Council of Industrial Design as that of a "very big yacht" and with a "look [that was] sleek, modern and purposeful". At the time of retirement, the ship had a gross tonnage of 70, and was ft m long.
QE2 had a top speed of The steel hull had a bulbous bow and was welded which avoided the weight penalty of over ten million rivets and overlapped plates compared with the previous Queens. Like both Normandie and France , QE2 had a flared stem and clean forecastle. What was controversial at the time, was that Cunard decided not to paint the funnel with the line's distinctive colour and pattern, something that had been done on all merchant vessels since the first Cunard ship, the RMS Britannia , sailed in Instead, the funnel was painted white and black, with the Cunard orange-red appearing only on the inside of the wind scoop.
This practice ended in when QE2 returned from service in the Falklands War , and the funnel has been repainted in Cunard traditional colours orange and black , with black horizontal bands known as "hands" ever since.
The original pencil-like funnel was rebuilt in as a more robust one, using metal from the original, when the ship was converted from steam to diesel power.
Large quantities of aluminium were used in the framing and cladding of QE2 ' s superstructure. This decision was designed to save weight, reducing the draft of the ship and lowering the fuel consumption, but it also posed the possibility of corrosion problems that can occur with Wooden Boat For Sale Philippines joining the dissimilar metals together, so a jointing compound was coated between the steel and aluminium surfaces to prevent this happening.
The low melting point of aluminium caused concern when QE2 was serving as a troop ship during the Falklands War : some feared that if the ship were struck by a missile her upper decks would collapse quickly due to fire, thereby causing greater casualties. In , the first penthouse suites were added in an aluminium structure on Signal Deck and Sports Deck now "Sun Deck" , behind the ship's bridge , and in this structure was expanded to include more suites with balconies, making QE2 one of the first ships to offer private terraces to passengers since Normandie in the s.
During this refit the ship was given a new wider funnel built using panels from the original. It retained the traditional Cunard colours. QE2 ' s final structural changes included the reworking of the aft decks during the refit following the removal of the magrodome , and the addition of an undercover area on Sun Deck during her refit, creating a space known as Funnel Bar. Queen Elizabeth 2 ' s interior configuration was laid out in a horizontal fashion, similar to France , where the spaces dedicated to the two classes were spread horizontally on specific decks, in contrast to the vertical class divisions of older liners.
Originally there were to be main lounges serving three classes, layered one atop the other, but when Cunard decided to make the ship a two class vessel, only two main lounges were needed. Instead of completely reconfiguring the Boat Deck, the ship's architects simply opened a well in the deck between what were to have been the second and third class lounges, creating a double height space known as the Double Room now the Grand Lounge.
This too was unconventional in that it designated a grander two-storey space for tourist class passengers, while first class passengers gathered in the standard height Queen's Room.
The configuration for segregated Atlantic crossings gave first class passengers the theatre balcony on Boat Deck, while tourist class used the orchestra level on Upper Deck. Over the span of her thirty-nine-year seagoing career, QE2 received a number of interior refits and alterations. The year she came into service, , was also the year of the Apollo 11 mission, when the Concorde 's prototype was unveiled, and the previous year Stanley Kubrick 's film A Space Odyssey premiered.
In keeping with those times, originally Cunard broke from the traditional interiors of their previous liners for QE2 , especially the Art Deco style of the previous Queens. Instead modern materials like plastic laminates , aluminium and Perspex were used.
The public rooms featured glass, stainless steel, dark carpeting and sea green leather. Dennis Lennon was responsible for co-ordinating the interior design, and his team included Jon Bannenberg and Gaby Schreiber , although Lennon's original designs only remained intact for three years.
The Midships Lobby on Two Deck, where first class passengers boarded for transatlantic journeys and all passengers boarded for cruises, was a circular room with a sunken seating area in the centre with green leather clad banquettes, and surrounded by a chrome railing. As a kingpin to this was a flared, white, trumpet shaped, up lit column.
Another room, designed by Michael Inchbald , where QE2 ' s advanced interior design was demonstrated was the first class lounge, the Queen's Room on Quarter Deck. This space, in colours of white and tan, featured a lowered ceiling with large indirectly lit slots, which, despite reducing the ceiling height, created an impression of airy openness above to deal with the otherwise oppressive dimensions of the single storey room c.
In addition the structural columns were flared at the top to blend into the ceiling and to lose the visual indication of low ceiling height that straight columns would have given. The Midships Lobby copied these features but without achieving the airiness.
Inchbald repeated the flaring of the columns in the bases of his tables and leather shell chairs. The indirect lighting from above could be switched from a cool hue for summer to a warm hue for winter.
The Theatre Bar on Upper Deck featured red chairs, red drapes, a red egg crate fibreglass screen, and even Wooden Boat Model Kits Canada For Sale a red baby grand piano. Some more traditional materials like wood veneer were used as highlights throughout the ship, especially in passenger corridors and staterooms. There was also an Observation Bar on Quarter Deck, a successor to its namesake, located in a similar location, on both previous Queens , which offered views through large windows over the ship's bow.
This room was lost in QE2 ' s refit, becoming galley space with the forward-facing windows plated over. In the refit, almost all of the remaining original decor was replaced, with Cunard opting to reverse the original design direction of QE2 ' s designers and use the line's traditional ocean liners as inspiration.
The by now blue dominated Theatre Bar was transformed into the Golden Lion Pub, which mimics a traditional Edwardian pub. Some original elements were retained including the flared columns in the Queens Room and Mid-Ships Lobby which were incorporated into the reworked designs. The Queen's Room's indirect lighting from above was replaced with uplighters which reversed the original light airy effect by illuminating the lowered ceiling and leaving shadows in the ceiling's slot.
The furniture and carpet which replaced Michael Inchbald's designs were incongruous next to the flared columns and slotted ceiling. By the time of her retirement, the Synagogue was the only room that had remained unaltered since The designers included numerous pieces of artwork within the public rooms of the ship, as well as maritime artefacts drawn from Cunard's long history of operating merchant vessels.
Four life-size statues of human forms�created by sculptor Janine Janet in marine materials like shell and coral, representing the four elements�were installed in the Princess Grill. A frieze designed by Brody Nevenshwander, depicting the words of T.
The Midships Lobby housed a solid silver model of Queen Elizabeth 2 made by Asprey of Bond Street in , which was lost until a photograph found in led to the discovery of the model itself. It was placed on Queen Elizabeth 2 in Three custom-designed tapestries were commissioned from Helena Hernmarck for the ship's launch, depicting the Queen as well as the launch of the ship.
They were originally made with golden threads, but much of this was lost when they were incorrectly cleaned during the refit. They were subsequently hung in the "E" stairway, and later damaged in There are numerous photographs, oils, and pastels of members of the Royal Family throughout the vessel. There were also a vast array of Cunard postcards, porcelain, flatware, boxes, linen, and Lines Bros Tri-ang Minic model ships. One of the key pieces was a replica of the figurehead from Cunard's first ship RMS Britannia , carved from Quebec yellow pine by Cornish sculptor Charles Moore and presented to the ship by Lloyd's of London.
This cup was lost for decades until it was found in a pawn shop in Halifax, Nova Scotia. There was also an extensive collection of large-scale models of Cunard ships located throughout Queen Elizabeth 2.
Over the years the ship's collection was added to. Among those items was a set of antique Japanese armour presented to Queen Elizabeth 2 by the Governor of Kagoshima , Japan, during her world cruise, as was a Wedgwood vase presented to the ship by Lord Wedgwood. Throughout the public areas were also silver plaques commemorating the visits of every member of the Royal Family, as well as other dignitaries such as South African president Nelson Mandela.
Istithmar bought most of these items from Cunard when it purchased QE2. The majority of crew were accommodated in two- or four-berth cabins, with showers and toilets at the end of each alleyway. Officers were accommodated in single cabins with private en-suite bathrooms located on Sun Deck. A fourth bar, dedicated for the officers, is Wooden Boat For Sale Melbourne located at the forward end of Boat Deck.
Named The Officers Wardroom , this area enjoyed forward facing views and was often opened to passengers for cocktail parties hosted by the senior officers. Queen Elizabeth 2 was originally fitted out with a steam turbine propulsion system utilising three Foster Wheeler E.
D II boilers, which provided steam for the two Brown- Pametrada turbines. The turbines were rated with a maximum power output figure of , shaft horsepower normally operating at 94, hp and coupled via double-reduction gearing to two six-bladed fixed-pitch propellers. The steam turbines were plagued with problems [ citation needed ] from the time the ship first entered service and, despite being technically advanced and fuel-efficient in , her consumption of tons of fuel oil every twenty four hours was more than expected for such a ship by the s.
After seventeen years of service the availability of spare parts was becoming difficult due to the outdated design of the boilers and turbines and the constant use of the machinery which was mainly due to the deletion of the originally planned 4th boiler as a cost saving measure whilst on the Wooden Boat Books For Sale 101 drawing board by Cunard. The shipping company decided that the options were to either do nothing for the remainder of the ship's life, re-configure the existing engines, or completely re-engine the vessel with a modern, more efficient and more reliable diesel-electric powerplant.
Ultimately it was decided to replace the engines, as it was calculated that the savings in fuel costs and maintenance would pay for themselves over four years whilst giving the vessel a minimum of another twenty years of service, whereas the other options would only provide short-term relief. Using a diesel-electric configuration, each engine drives a generator, each developing This electrical plant, in addition to powering the ship's auxiliary and hotel services through transformers, drives the two main propulsion motors, one on each propeller shaft.
These motors produce 44 MW each and are of synchronised salient-pole construction, nine metres in diameter and weighing more than tons each. The ship's service speed of The maximum power output with the new engine configuration running increased to , hp, which was greater than the previous system's , hp.
During the re-engining process, her funnel was replaced by a wider one to accommodate the exhaust pipes for the nine MAN diesel engines. During the refit, the original fixed-pitch propellers were replaced with variable-pitch propellers.
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