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Answer: b The fuel is not burning completely. Question 4 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH 3 Cl. Answer: Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining atoms complete their outermost shell. Chlorine completes its outer shell by sharing its one out of seven electrons with one electron of carbon atom.
Thus carbon atom shares all its four electrons with three hydrogen atoms and one of chlorine atom and completes its outermost shell and single covalent bonds are formed in CH 3 Cl. Question 5 Draw the electron dot structures for a ethanoic acid b propanone c H 2 S d F 2. Question 6 What is a homologous series? Explain with an example. Answer: Homologous series : A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by -CH 2 group.
Characteristics of homologous series : i All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. Question 7 How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties? Answer: Difference on the basis of physical properties. Question 8 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micell be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also? Answer: Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are hydrophobic water repelling which are insoluble in water, but the ionic ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic water attracting and hence soluble in water.
Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which sodium salt of fatty acids do not dissolve. Question 9 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications? Answer: Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are therefore, used as fuels for most applications. Question 10 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer: Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium on reacting with soap form insoluble precipitate called scum. The scum formation lessens the cleansing property of soaps in hard water. Question 11 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper red and blue? Answer: Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus remains blue in soap solution.
Question 12 What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application? Answer: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydro-carbon is called hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in the presence of nickel Ni or palladium Pd metals as catalyst.
Application : The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial application. It is used to prepare vegetable ghee or vanaspati ghee from vegetable oils. So addition reaction take place only in C 3 H 6 and C 2 H 2. Question 14 Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil. Answer: Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated carbon compound. An unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water, while a saturated compound cannot decolourise it.
So we can distinguish chemically between a cooking oil and butter by the bromine water. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-tubes.
Question 15 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps. OR Explain the cleansing action of soaps. In this way the soap micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water due to which the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned.
The cloth is cleaned thoroughly by rinsing in clean water a number of times. Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds, Versatile nature of carbon, Homologous series, Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups, halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes, and alkynes , difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Chemical properties of carbon compounds combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction. Ethanol only properties and uses , Ethanoic acid only properties and uses , soaps and detergents. Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Question 2 What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur, which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? Hint � The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.
Question 3 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Solution: We can draw 3 structural isomers for pentane. Question 4 What are the two properties of carbon that lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us? Solution: Due to its large valency, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with a number of carbon atoms as well as with a large number of other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many more atoms.
This leads to the formation of a large number of organic compounds. Question 5 What will be the formula and electron dot structure of Cyclopentane? Question 6 Draw the structures for the following compounds. Ethanoic acid ii. Bromopentane iii. Butanone iv. Hexanal Solution:. Question 7 How would you name the following compounds? Solution: i. Ethyl bromide ii. Formaldehyde iii. Question 8 Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Solution: The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion. Question 9 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Solution: When a mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt, it burns completely producing a blue flame. This blue flame is extremely hot which produced a very high temperature which is used for welding metals. But the mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding purposes because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Question 10 What are oxidizing agents? Solution: Oxidizing agents are the substances that gain electrons in an redox reaction and whose oxidation number is reduced. Question 11 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation of CH 3 Cl. Solution: CH 3 Cl methyl chloride is made up of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom. Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom has one valence electron, and a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons.
Carbon atom shares its four valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms and 1 chlorine atom to form methyl chloride as follows: From the above reaction, in the dot structure of methyl chloride CH 3 Cl there are four pairs of shared electrons between carbon and other atoms. Each pair of shared electrons constitutes one single covalent bond.
So, methyl chloride has four single covalent bonds. Question 12 Draw the electron dot structures for- Solution:. Question 13 What is a homologous series? Solution: Homologous series is a series of compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass.
For example, methane has a lower boiling point than ethane since it has more intermolecular forces with neighbouring molecules. This is because of the increase in the number of atoms making up the molecule. Question 14 How can ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Solution: i Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar. Question 15 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also? Solution: Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water. This is because when soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolves in two different mediums.
The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes in the water by the soap molecule. In this way the soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands.
The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle.
Question 16 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications? Solution: Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most of the applications because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy. Question 17 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Solution: The precipitate form of scum is formed when soap is used for washing clothes. With hard water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate. The precipitate form formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of the additional soap.
This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult. Question 18 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper red and blue?
Solution: Soap is the salt of a strong base NaOH and a weak acid carboxylic acid , so a solution of soap in water is basic in nature. Being basic, a soap solution turns red litmus paper blue. Question 19 What is hydrogenation? Solution: It is a class of chemical reactions in which the net result is addition of hydrogen H 2 to unsaturated organic compounds such as alkenes, alkynes, etc.
Hydrogenation is widely applied to the processing of vegetable oils and fats. Complete hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones. From the above hydrocarbons C 2 H 2 is an alkyne, whereas C 3 H 6 is an alkene. So, C 3 H 6 and C 2 H 2 will undergo addition reactions. Question 21 Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Solution: Bromine water test can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test tubes. Decolourising of bromine water by cooking oil unsaturated compound b.
Butter saturated compound does not decolourise bromine water. Question 22 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps. Solution: We all know that soap is used to remove dirt and and grime from substances. Generally dirt and grime get stuck because they have an oily component, which is difficult to remove, by plain brushing or washing by water. A soap molecule has two parts, a head and a tail i. A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below.
The organic part is water insoluble but is soluble in organic solvents or in oil or grease. The ionic part is soluble in water, as water is a polar solvent. When soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolve in two different mediums. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes, by the soap molecule.
In this way soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands. The micelle pulls out the dirt and grime more efficiently.
Question 23 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent? Solution: We would not be able to check whether a sample of water is hard by using a detergent, this is because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water. Question 24 People use a variety of methods to wash clothes.
Solution: It is necessary to shake to get clean clothes because the soap micelles, which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty clothes, have to be removed from their surface.
When the clothes which are wet by soap solution are beaten, the micelles containing oil or greasy dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty clothes and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned. Question 1. Buckminster fullerene is an allotropic form of [NCERT Exemplar] a phosphorus b sulphur c carbon d tin Answer: c Buckminster fullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.
Its formula isC 60 C-sixty. It is a dark solid at room temperature and as compared to another allotropic form of carbon diamond and graphite , it is neither very hard nor soft. Question 2. Question 3. In which of the following. Question 4. The long hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic water repelling and ionic portion is hydrophilic water attracting. Question 5. Its formula is C 6 H 6.
In structure b formula is C 6 H In structure a double bond is not at alternate position. To make it easier for you to study, we cover chapter-wise solutions with step-wise answers for the questions present in the recent NCERT Chemistry textbooks. Now, you can easily understand those elements and prepare for your Chemistry board exam with our chapter-wise Chemistry NCERT textbook solutions. These solutions by Chemistry experts will help you to study the different types of elements, chemical reactions and more.
If you have any doubts while studying, you can ask your doubt on the TopperLearning portal. An academic expert will respond to your query within 24 hours. Enter the OTP sent to your number Change. Resend OTP. Don't miss this! Ok Cancel. Ok Choose Chapter. Ok Choose Topic. Yes No. Choose Subjects.
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