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It lies about one degree of latitude kilometres or 85 miles north of the equator , off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , bordering the Straits of Malacca to the west, the Riau Islands Indonesia to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. It has the second greatest population density in the world. The country has almost 5. English is the lingua franca.
Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution, and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics. Although its history stretches back millennia, modern Singapore was founded in by Sir Stamford Raffles as a trading post of the British Empire. In , the colonies in East Asia were reorganised and Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan in , but returned to British control as a separate crown colony following Japan's surrender in Singapore gained self-governance in , and in became part of the new federation of Malaysia , alongside Malaya , North Borneo , and Sarawak.
Ideological differences led to Singapore being expelled from the federation two years later, becoming an independent country. After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers based on external trade, becoming a highly developed country ; it is ranked ninth on the UN Human Development Index , and has the second-highest GDP per capita PPP in the world.
Singapore is the only country in Asia with an AAA sovereign rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major financial and shipping hub, consistently ranked the most expensive city to live in since , and has been identified as a tax haven.
Singaporeans enjoy one of the world's longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds and one of the lowest infant mortality rates in the world. Singapore is a unitary parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. While elections are considered generally free, the government exercises significant control over politics and society, and the People's Action Party has ruled continuously since independence.
The name possibly means "Sea Town", being derived from the Malay tasek , meaning "sea" or "lake". Danmaxi may be a transcription of Temasek Tumasik , alternatively, it may be a combination of the Malay Tanah meaning "land", and Chinese Xi meaning "tin", which was traded on the island.
In Hindu-Buddhist culture, lions were associated with power and protection, which may explain the attraction of such a name. However, the precise time and reason for the name change is unknown. The Annals state that Sang Nila Utama encountered a strange beast on the island that he took to be a lion.
Seeing this as an omen, he established the town of Singapura where he encountered the beast. The second hypothesis, drawn from Portuguese sources , postulates that this mythical story is based on the real life Parameswara of Palembang. Parameswara declared independence from Majapahit and mounted a Lion Throne, thus claiming the Srivijaya Empire.
After then being driven into exile by the Javanese , he usurped control over Temasek. It is possible that he rechristened the area as Singapura , recalling the throne he had been driven from. Habibie by referring to Singapore as a red dot on a map. The British governor Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapore on 28 January and soon recognised the island as a natural choice for the new port.
In , a further treaty with the Sultan led to the entire island becoming a British possession. Singapore became the regional capital in Singapore was not greatly affected by the First World War �18 , as the conflict did not spread to Southeast Asia.
The only significant event during the war was the Singapore Mutiny by Muslim sepoys from British India, who were garrisoned in Singapore. Winston Churchill touted it as the " Gibraltar of the East", and military discussions often referred to the base as simply " East of Suez ". However, the British Home Fleet was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect their interests in Asia.
The plan was for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. As a consequence, after World War II broke out in , the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain, leaving Singapore vulnerable to Japanese invasion. When the British force of 60, troops surrendered on 15 February , British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history.
Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war. After the Japanese surrender to the Allies on 15 August , Singapore fell into a brief state of violence and disorder; looting and revenge-killing were widespread. He was convicted and hanged in the Philippines on 23 February Much of Singapore's infrastructure had been destroyed during the war, including those needed to supply utilities. A shortage of food led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence.
A series of strikes in caused massive stoppages in public transport and other services. However, by late the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing international demand for tin and rubber. During the s, Chinese communists , with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency.
The National Service riots , Hock Lee bus riots , and Chinese middle schools riots in Singapore were all linked to these events. He resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock in , and after further negotiations Britain to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs. PAP leaders believed that Singapore's future lay with Malaya, due to strong ties between the two.
It was thought that reuniting with Malaya would benefit the economy by creating a common market, alleviating ongoing unemployment woes in Singapore. However, a sizeable pro-communist wing of the PAP was strongly opposed to the merger, fearing a loss of influence, and hence formed the Barisan Sosialis , splitting from the PAP.
UMNO, initially sceptical of the idea of a merger due to distrust of the PAP government and concern that the large ethnic Chinese population in Singapore would alter the racial balance in Malaya on which their political power base depended, became supportive of the idea of the merger due to joint fear of a communist takeover. On 27 May , Malaya's prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman , made a surprise proposal for a new Federation called Malaysia , which would unite the current and former British possessions in the region: the Federation of Malaya , Singapore, Brunei , North Borneo , and Sarawak.
This referendum included a choice of different terms for a merger with Malaysia but had no option for avoiding merger altogether. Under this Agreement, Singapore had a relatively high level of autonomy compared to the other states of Malaysia. Indonesia opposed the formation of Malaysia due to its own claims over Borneo and launched konfrontasi Confrontation in Indonesian in response to the formation of Malaysia.
It was the deadliest of at least 42 bomb incidents which occurred during the confrontation. Even after the merger, the Singaporean government and the Malaysian central government disagreed on many political and economic issues. Despite an agreement to establish a common market, Singapore continued to face restrictions when trading with the rest of Malaysia. In retaliation, Singapore did not extend to Sabah and Sarawak the full extent of the loans agreed to for economic development of the two eastern states.
Talks soon broke down, and abusive speeches and writing became rife on both sides. This led to communal strife in Singapore, culminating in the race riots.
Singapore became independent as the Republic of Singapore on 9 August , with Lee Kuan Yew and Yusof bin Ishak as the first prime minister and president respectively. During the s, Singapore began to shift towards high-tech industries, such as the wafer fabrication sector, in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing with cheaper labour.
Singapore Changi Airport was opened in and Singapore Airlines was formed. The PAP, which has remained in power since independence, is believed to rule in an authoritarian manner by some activists and opposition politicians who see the strict regulation of political and media activities by the government as an infringement on political rights. Group Representation Constituencies GRCs were introduced in to create multi-seat electoral divisions, intended to ensure minority representation in parliament.
Singapore is a parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. The Constitution of Singapore is the supreme law of the country, establishing the structure and responsibility of government. The president is head of state and exercises executive power on the advice of her ministers.
The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president as the person most likely to command the confidence of a majority of Parliament. Cabinet is chosen by the prime minister and formally appointed by the president.
The government is separated into three branches:. The president is directly elected by popular vote for a renewable six-year term. Requirements for this position are extremely stringent, such that no more than several thousand people qualify [ clarification needed ] for candidacy.
Only members of that community may qualify as candidates in a reserved presidential election. Members of Parliament MPs are chosen to serve for a term lasting up to [ clarification needed ] five years. The current Parliament has members; 88 were directly elected from the 29 constituencies , nine are nonpartisan nominated members appointed by the president, and three are non-constituency members from opposition parties who were not elected in the last general election but appointed to the legislature to increase opposition party representation.
In group representation constituencies GRCs , political parties assemble teams of candidates rather than nominate individuals to contest elections. All elections are held using first-past-the-post voting. The most effective opposition party is the Workers' Party. The judicial system is based on English common law , continuing the legal tradition established during British rule but with substantial local differences.
Criminal law is based on the Indian Penal Code originally intended for British India , but was at the time as a crown colony also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Singapore and remains the basis of the criminal code in the country with a few exceptions, amendments and repeals since it came into force.
Singapore's stated foreign policy priority is maintaining security in Southeast Asia and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region. Other regional organisations are important to Singapore, [] [ failed verification ] and it is the host of the APEC Secretariat.
In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen, [] and relations with neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia have sometimes been strained. The first diplomatic contact with China was made in the s, with full diplomatic relations established in the s.
Since then the two countries have been major players in strengthening the ASEAN�China relationship, [] [ failed verification ] and has maintained a long-standing and greatly prioritised close relationship partly due to China's growing influence and essentiality in the Asia-Pacific region, specifying that "its common interest with China is far greater than any differences".
Furthermore, Singapore has positioned itself as a strong supporter of China's constructive engagement and peaceful development in the region. In addition, China has been Singapore's largest trading partner since , after surpassing Malaysia. Singapore has also pushed regional counter-terrorism initiatives, with a strong resolve to deal with terrorists inside its borders.
To this end, the country has stepped up co-operation with ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, as well as participating in the organisation's first joint maritime exercise with the latter.
As Singapore has diplomatic relations with both the United States and North Korea , and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries, [] on 12 June , Singapore hosted a historic summit between US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un , the first-ever meeting between the sitting leaders of the two nations.
The Singaporean military, arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia, [] consists of the army , navy , and the air force. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence, [] translating into Singapore culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence. After its independence, Singapore had only two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. Considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, the development of its military forces became a priority.
Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on the Israeli model. The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues in both conventional and unconventional warfare.
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