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He subsequently started working for Thomas Gibbons, a small-steamboat operator, operating steamboat lines for Gibbons in New Jersey before later operating his own lines in New York. When Tompkins died in , the company's stocks were placed in a trust at the Fulton Bank in lower Manhattan. This was done in their capacity as private citizens rather than as chief officers.
When Mauran died in , his share of the company was purchased by Vanderbilt. By the midth century, there were three separate ferry companies offering services between lower Manhattan and the eastern shore of Staten Island. It originally ran single-ended boats but eventually expanded its fleet to include double-ended boats. Afterwards, Vanderbilt tried to operate a ferry service between Manhattan and Staten Island that would rival Law's ferry service.
Vanderbilt started construction on his plan for a central dock on the island, but he abandoned the scheme after a storm destroyed the timber work.
Only the large stone foundation remained; this was still visible in at low tide. A long franchise battle ensued; and as a result, Vanderbilt sold his ferry service to Law in Erastus Wiman , a Canadian entrepreneur, planned to develop Staten Island by adding transit.
Wiman had become one of Staten Island's most notable figures since moving to New York in , [40] and he had built an amusement area on the island to help develop it. George ferry landing, which opened in March They were the first boats of the Staten Island Railway Ferry fleet to be powered by multi-cylinder inclined steam engines, which pumped steam more efficiently than the single-cylinder vertical engines on previous boats.
The boats started running in George in PRR president Alexander Cassatt had devised the plan because he thought that two large freight-shipping companies, Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel , were artificially depressing freight-shipping rates by cajoling smaller companies for rebates.
By the s, Staten Islanders were becoming dissatisfied with the railway-operated ferry service to Manhattan, which they felt was unsafe. George ferry service be improved. George and at least one other terminal, while Rogers wanted to use only the Tompkinsville Boat Slips For Sale Ocean City Nj 49 and West Brighton terminals.
This decision proved controversial: Hawkes made a recommendation to Mayor Seth Low on February 21, and dissatisfied Staten Islanders showed up to the commission's meeting on February These residents, voicing their dissent, helped cause the commissioners to reject Hawkes's proposal.
Shortly after, the government of New York City announced its intent to acquire ownership of the ferry. Odell in May The contract was signed on June 20, From to , there were debates on where to put the new Whitehall terminal; and Whitehall Street was decided on as the best location. All of the ships except for Richmond were finished by April [85] and delivered during the late summer and early fall of that year.
The ferry service from St. George to 39th Street in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, became city-operated on November 1, , [90] [46] as provided for by the law transferring ownership of that route to the city. Mayor George McClellan , elected as Low's successor in , and Docks Commissioner Maurice Featherson were initially skeptical of the acquisition; but despite their objections, the Sinking Funds Commission approved the private line's acquisition in Named Gowanus , Bay Ridge , and Nassau , they were smaller than the borough-class boats.
George to Brooklyn started operating on July 4, Mayor McClellan's successor, William Jay Gaynor , was opposed to what he saw as a hasty purchase of the 39th Street line. Upon becoming mayor in , Gaynor communicated to his administration's docks commissioner, Calvin Tompkins, that the operating costs of that route needed to be reduced; in response, Tompkins replaced the superintendent of ferries.
Neither of the city's Staten Island ferries showed a profit until , under John Purroy Mitchel 's mayoral administration. These were the only two routes the city operated at the time, but the city continued to award privately operated ferry franchises elsewhere. The ferryboat Mayor Gaynor was delivered in , during Mitchel's administration, to boost service on the Whitehall route, [] [] although it had originally been intended for the Sunset Park route.
Mayor Mitchel's successor, John Francis Hylan , was elected in ; and he immediately commissioned a series of new boats. This brought the number of boats ordered by Hylan's administration to The boats in the Dongan Hills class were delivered from to for the 39th Street route, and the boats in the Mary Murray class were delivered from to for the Whitehall Street route.
The classes' engines and dimensions were similar, but each class's exterior appearance was very different from the other. This resulted in infrequent service on the Bay Ridge ferry to 69th Street, which lead to a decline in patronage and fare revenues. However, the city refused. George Terminal, which would in turn improve ferry service to Whitehall Street. George, killing three people and destroying the slips for the Whitehall ferry route.
Because the Whitehall route had more ridership, the 39th Street ferry service was suspended so that Whitehall ferries could stop at St.
From to , the city ordered the construction of three new Merrell -class boats for the Whitehall Street route. These boats differed significantly from their predecessors in that they used 6-cylinder "Unaflow" engines, which allowed for a more efficient steam-powered ferryboat compared to the two 2-cylinder compound steam engines of earlier models.
Around this time, ferry services in the area were being discontinued and replaced by bridges and tunnels, leading to the eventual demise of the 69th Street ferry. Each boat could fit between and passengers but only 42 vehicles, which meant for traffic jams at both of the ferry's slips, due to the boats' low capacity. However, the route between St. George and Whitehall was kept open, since the bridge's opening was expected to spur an influx of residents to Staten Island, with a potential increase in commute ridership on the ferry to Manhattan.
By , all other ferries in New York City had closed due to competition from automobile traffic, and the St. George to Whitehall route was the only ferry in the city. Off-peak service was reduced in , but two months later that service was restored. However, due to the mids New York City fiscal crisis , night service ended on July 1, , with alternate service being provided by the Fourth Avenue subway.
By the late s, ferries had again become a popular mode of transport in the area. This list of potential bidders was reduced to three companies by George to East 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan, starting service in January with about 1, commuters a day using the service.
George�Whitehall ferry at no additional cost, with return trips handled similarly. New York Fast Ferry went out of business at the end of , [] [] at which point NY Waterway took over the route. Immediately after the September 11, , attacks , Staten Island ferryboats were used to evacuate attack victims from the World Trade Center. This continued into , by which time some 2, passengers per day were using the ferry, and continued to do so even after the subways and highways were reopened.
In , both terminals' lower levels were closed, and all vehicular traffic on the ferry was banned, due to the Maritime Transportation Security Act of Under this act, passengers would have to board and depart from different sections of the ferry; and since the lower levels of each ferry were used for departing, they could not be used for boarding.
George Terminal. George Terminal's lower level was opened during morning rush, and the Whitehall Terminal's lower level was opened during middays and the evening rush. In , the city again proposed eliminating night service, with plans to outsource nighttime operations to other ferry companies in the area.
Efforts to revive the Staten Island-to-Midtown ferry persisted; and in , city councilman James Oddo advocated for a revival of fast ferry service to Staten Island as part of his campaign to become that borough's president.
At the time, the new system's only proposed ferry stop on Staten Island was at Stapleton, which was already adequately served by the Whitehall�St. George route. Citywide Ferry Service was not planning to serve transit-deprived South Shore. With the opening of NYC Ferry in , politicians and Staten Island residents again advocated bringing more ferry service to Staten Island, including adding one ferry each to Manhattan and Brooklyn, a stop on the South Shore, and extra stops on the Whitehall�St.
George ferry. George to Midtown Manhattan in The route would begin running in On Staten Island, ferryboats to Manhattan depart from the St. While the ferries no longer transport motor vehicles, they do transport bicycles. There is a bicycle entrance to the ferry at either terminal. The bike entrance is always on the ground level, so bicyclists can enter the ferry without needing to enter the building. The ground entrance was reserved exclusively for bike riders until September , when lower-level boarding and disembarking was restored for all passengers.
Bicycles must be stored in the designated bicycle storage area on each boat. During rush hours, ferries usually depart every 15 to 20 minutes, with frequency decreasing to every 30 minutes during the mid-days and evenings. Ferries run at minute intervals for a few hours during the early morning�usually 12 a. There have been at least two terminals on the site of the current Whitehall Terminal. When the original terminal opened in , its Beaux-Arts design was identical to the Battery Maritime Building , which still exists.
On February 7, , a completely renovated and modernized terminal, designed by architect Frederic Schwartz , was dedicated, along with the new two-acre Peter Minuit Plaza in the Battery. A new ferry and rail terminal at St. George's Landing [47] and an extension of the Staten Island Railway north from Vanderbilt's Landing had been proposed in the s by the owners of the railroad George Law, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Erastus Wiman to replace the various ferry sites on the north and east shores of Staten Island.
George was selected due to its being the point where Staten Island is closest to Manhattan, approximately 5 miles 8. George" in honor of Law, allegedly as a concession by Wiman in order to build the terminal and connecting tunnel on land owned by Law. On June 25, , a large fire destroyed both the wooden ferry and rail terminals, killing three people, and injuring more than George's direct rail-sea connection is one of a few left in the United States.
There is no charge to take the ferry. For most of the 20th century, the ferry was famed as the biggest bargain in New York City, as it charged the same one-nickel , or five-cent, fare as the New York City Subway.
In , riders protested against a proposed fare increase to 10 cents per ride, but were unsuccessful in obtaining a fare reduction. The fare for the ferry remained a nickel when the subway fare was increased to 10 cents in Lindsay proposed that the fare be raised to 25 cents, pointing out that the cost for each ride was 50 cents, or ten times what the fare was bringing in.
In , the charge for a round trip was increased to 50 cents, [] provoking a backlash among Staten Islanders, and sparking calls for its complete abolition.
In , grievances over the fare partly contributed to Staten Island's passing a non-binding referendum to secede from New York City. Eliminating the ferry fare was seen as an action to standardize Staten Islanders' MetroCard fares with those of commuters in other boroughs. In , the city's Independent Budget Office conducted a study investigating the viability of collecting fares from everyone except Staten Island residents.
Detailed ridership figures for many fiscal years are not widely available because, in many cases, they not have been publicly released. In fiscal , the ferry carried As of [update] , the Staten Island Ferry is the single busiest ferry route, and one of the busiest ferry systems, in the United States, as well as the world's busiest passenger-only ferry. There are eight ferry boats currently in service, from four classes � Kennedy , Barberi , Austen , and Molinari.
Lehman , which were delivered in Kennedy remains in service as of [update]. The American Legion II 's inspection certificate lapsed in , and it was retired with the acquisition of the Molinari -class ferries.
Lehman was retired on June 30, , after the p. Kennedy is being kept for the time being in weekday service on an as-needed basis, as captains considered it to be the most reliable vessel in the fleet [] and riders preferred its abundant open-air deck space.
Barberi and MV Samuel I. Newhouse , which were built in and , respectively. At the time of construction, the ships' capacity was the largest of any licensed ferry in the world. Andrew J. Barberi was named after the man who coached Curtis High School 's football team from the s through the s, while Samuel I.
Newhouse was named after the Staten Island Advance ' s publisher from to Noble , which were built in and are commonly referred to as "the Little Boats" or "Mini Barberis". Noble �83 , a Staten Island marine artist. Austen -class vessels usually operate late at night and into the early morning, when ridership is lower. Noble to be converted from using low-sulfur diesel as fuel to liquefied natural gas LNG , in an effort to halve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent.
Marchi , and MV Spirit of America. Each boat has a crew of 16, carries a maximum of 4, passengers and up to 30 vehicles, is feet 94 m long by 70 feet 21 m wide, with a draft of 13 feet 10 inches 4. The lead boat is named after Guy V. Molinari , a former U.
Representative for several Staten Island districts, who later became a borough president of Staten Island. George maintenance facility until its maiden voyage on April 4, Starting in , John F. Kennedy , Samuel I. Newhouse , and Andrew J. Ollis and the MV Sandy Ground , while the third vessel is still unnamed. In November , Eastern Shipbuilding was confirmed as the low bidder for constructing the ships, [] and the shipyard was awarded the contract, with a notice to proceed being received on March 1, Several ferry classes, purchased since the city assumed ownership of the ferry, have been retired.
The ferries named after the five boroughs, Bronx , Brooklyn , Manhattan , Queens , and Richmond , were the first ones commissioned for the city line in Manhattan was out of documentation by , when Bronx was the first of the remaining boats to be scrapped.
The three remaining ferries were scrapped by , Brooklyn having served as a floating school for the United States Coast Guard in Williamsburg, Brooklyn , beginning in , and Richmond having been converted to a barge in The city's next class, delivered two years after the borough-class boats, consisted of Gowanus , Bay Ridge , and Nassau , which were used for the Brooklyn line.
Each boat was feet 55 m long and 45 feet 14 m wide, with a draft of 16 feet 4. These boats were all sold by Bay Ridge was used as the barge Rappahannock River , while the other two were scrapped.
Mayor Gaynor had a different engine and vastly different dimensions than its other two classmates, so it is sometimes considered as in a different class. Mayor Gaynor 's 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine was not as efficient as the 2-cylinder compression engines of the previous borough-class boats, so the two vessels following it reverted to the more reliable borough-class engine.
Additionally, Mayor Gaynor was feet 64 m long and 45 feet 14 m wide, with a draft of 17 feet 5. The other two boats were approximately feet 77 m long by 46 feet 14 m wide, and had a draft of 17 or 18 feet 5. Loft were built. The names of the boats, which were all derived from those of prominent New York City businessmen, were kept secret until the vessels were unveiled.
Loft shared her name with another boat used up the Hudson River, and so the other boat had to be renamed. A subsequent class, delivered from through , consisted of Dongan Hills , Tompkinsville , and Knickerbocker , in order of delivery.
Tompkinsville and Dongan Hills went out of documentation in �, while Knickerbocker was sold for scrap in The most recently fully retired class of ferryboats� Cornelius G. Kolff , Private Joseph F. Merrell , and Verrazzano �went into service in The new owners proposed to use the old ferry at a Japanese amusement park. That deal fell through, and it became a floating wreck at the Red Hook Container Terminal.
Bain , then Harold A. Wildstein [] were shipped to Rikers Island in to help alleviate prison overcrowding there, [] to be used as an interim housing solution while new jail facilities were being built. Bain floating barge was built; [2] and both vessels were scrapped in Most of the Kennedy class, built in , [23] has also been scrapped. Lehman was retired in [] and sold at auction by the city in Kennedy , is still in service as of [update].
In November , the ferryboat Nassau ran aground on the seawall of Governors Island , but most passengers were able to jump off the boat safely.
The boat only suffered minor damage to its propeller. This was a result of a heavy fog, which slowed shipping and caused a BRT train accident that injured 20 people.
Merrill crashed into an Ellis Island ferryboat, jolting several passengers but injuring no one. On November 7, , American Legion II crashed into the concrete seawall near the Statue of Liberty ferry port during a dense fog , injuring people on board.
At am EDT, it was en route from Staten Island to Manhattan with approximately 2, passengers aboard, when it was rammed in dense fog by MV Hoegh Orchid , a Norwegian freighter inbound from the sea to a berth in Brooklyn. The ferryboat was damaged from below the main deck up to the bridge deck.
The absence of a gyrocompass , which could have supplemented existing radar capabilities in avoiding collisions, was noted in the February 2, , report by the National Transportation Safety Board. He killed two and injured nine before being detained and sent to a hospital for psychiatric evaluation.
On April 12, , Andrew J. Barberi , due to a mechanical malfunction, rammed her slip at St. The doors on the saloon deck were crushed by the slip's adjustable aprons, which a quick-thinking bridgeman lowered to help stop the oncoming ferryboat. Several people were injured. A car plunged off John F.
Kennedy as she was docking, causing minor injuries to the driver and a deckhand who was knocked overboard. The new century featured the city's deadliest mass-transit incident in 50 years. Barberi collided with a pier on the eastern end of the St. George ferry terminal, killing eleven people, seriously injuring many others, and tearing a huge gash in the lowest of the three passenger decks. Barberi's captain at the time of the incident was fired. The St. George terminal was also the site of two minor ramming incidents.
Marchi lost power and hit a pier at full speed, resulting in 15 minor injuries. As the then-recently-rebuilt Andrew J. Barberi approached the dock, the reverse thrust failed to respond; and the boat could not slow down. Thirty-seven of the passengers on board were injured.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Passenger ferry service in New York City. The MV John F. A map showing the route of the ferry through Upper New York Bay. Main article: St. Main article: Ollis -class ferry.
City of New York. September Retrieved September 19, DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on September 20, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN New Jersey Historical Society. Vanderbilt Fortune's Children. November 30, Staten Island Advance. Laws of the State of New York. Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. Inspection of Col. Doubleday's heavy artillery regiment".
The New York Times. ISSN New York Historical Society. University of Texas Press. The Third Rail Online. Archived from the original on May 30, Retrieved June 27, New-York Tribune. June 18, Retrieved September 18, � via Fultonhistory. Arcadia Publishing. Wreck of the Steamer Westfield at South Ferry. July 31, Retrieved May 7, August 2, Retrieved September 27, � via Fultonhistory. South China Morning Post.
Retrieved June 22, Legislative Documents. Lyon Company. George was a golden opportunity". Retrieved October 8, Documents of the Senate of the State of New York. Van Benthuysen. October 5, January 17, Retrieved July 24, The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
JHU Press. Retrieved November 17, The Washington Post. October 13, � via ProQuest. July 17, Retrieved September 27, � via Library of Congress.
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