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Steamboats played a major role in the 19th-century development of the Mississippi River and its tributaries by allowing the practical large-scale transport of passengers and freight both up- and down-river. Using steam power , riverboats were developed during that time which could navigate in shallow waters as well as upriver against strong currents.
After the development of railroads , passenger traffic gradually switched to this faster form of transportation, but steamboats continued to serve Mississippi River commerce into the early 20th century. A small number of steamboats are used for tourist excursions into the 21st century. It spans 3, miles 6, km of length as measured using its northernmost west fork, the Missouri River , which starts in the Rocky Mountains in Montana, joining the Mississippi proper in the state of Missouri.
The Mississippi itself starts at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, and the river wends its way through the center of the country, forming parts of the boundaries of ten states, dividing east and west, and furthering trade and culture.
Steamboats on the Mississippi benefited from technology and political changes. At the time, a semi-bankrupt Napoleon was attempting to extend his hegemony over Europe in what came to be known as the Napoleonic Wars. As a result, the US was then free to expand westward out of the Ohio valley and into the Great Plains and the Southwest.
At this time, walking beam mill engines, of the Boulton and Watt variety, were dropped onto wood barges with paddles to create an instant powerboat.
The overhead engines of the "walking beam" type became the standard Atlantic Seaboard paddle engine for the next 80 years. For smaller boats, Watt perfected the side-lever engine with the engine cut down using side bell-cranks to lower the center of gravity. Sidewheel paddlers were the first to enter the scene.
Fulton started steamboat service between Natchez and New Orleans. The War of caused political upheaval in the south, particularly with the Royal Navy blockade of the US Gulf Coast ports but after the Treaty of Ghent and resumption of peace, New Orleans was firmly American, after passing through French and Spanish hands.
New Orleans became the great port on the mouth of the Mississippi. In the s there were 20 boats on the river; by the s there were more than By the s, with the Southern states joining the Union and the land converted to cotton plantations so indicative of the Antebellum South , methods were needed to move the bales of cotton, rice, timber, tobacco, and molasses. The steamboat was perfect. America boomed in the age of Jackson. Population moved west, and more farms were established.
In the s steamers were fueled first by wood, then coal, which pushed barges of coal from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. Regular steamboat commerce began between Pittsburgh and Louisville. Vessels were made of wood�typically ranging in length from 40 to nearly feet 91 m in length, 10 to 80 feet 24 m wide, drawing only about one to five feet of water loaded, and in fact it was commonly said that they could "navigate on a heavy dew.
A second deck was added, the Texas Deck, to provide cabins and passenger areas. All was built from wood. Stairs, galleys, parlors were also added. Often the boats became quite ornate with wood trim, velvet, plush chairs, gilt edging and other trimmings sometimes featured as per the owner's taste and budget. Wood burning boilers were forward center to distribute weight.
The engines were also amidships, or at the stern depending on if the vessel was a sternwheeler or sidewheeler. Two rudders were fitted to help steer the ship. Vessels, on average, only lasted about five years due to the wooden hulls being breached, poor maintenance, fires, general wear and tear, and the common boiler explosion.
Early trips up the Mississippi River took three weeks to get to the Ohio. Later, with better pilots, more powerful engines and boilers, removal of obstacles and experienced rivermen knowing where the sand bars were, the figure was reduced to 4 days.
Collisions and snags were constant perils. The first Natchez was a low pressure sidewheel steamboat built in New York City in Fire destroyed it, while in New Orleans, on September 4, Leathers, at Crayfish Bayou, and ran from to It was a fast two-boiler boat, feet 53 m long, with red smokestacks, that sailed between New Orleans and Vicksburg, Mississippi.
It was built in Cincinnati, Ohio, Leathers sold it in It was abandoned in Natchez III was funded by the sale of the first. It was feet 58 m long.
Leathers operated it from to On March 10, , it sank at Mobile, Alabama due to rotting. Natchez IV was built in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was feet 82 m long, had six boilers, and could hold 4, bales of cotton.
It operated for six weeks. On January 1, , the ship collided with the Pearl at Plaquemine, Louisiana, causing the Pearl to sink. A wharf fire on February 5, at New Orleans caused it to burn down, as did other ships. Natchez V was also built in Cincinnati, as Captain Leathers returned there quickly after the destruction of the third.
It was also six boilers, but this one could hold 4, cotton bales. This one was used by Leathers until In it was destroyed while serving as a wharfboat at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Natchez VI was again a Cincinnati-built boat. It was feet 83 m long. The capacity was 5, cotton bales but the power remained the same. It helped transport Jefferson Davis from his river plantation home on the Mississippi River after he heard he was chosen president of the Confederacy.
Even after the war, Davis would insist on using Leather's boats to transport him to and from his plantation, Brierfield. After Union invaders captured Memphis, the boat was moved to the Yazoo River. On March 13, , it was burned either by accident or to keep it out of Union hands at Honey Island. Remains were raised from the river in It was It had eight steel boilers that were 36 feet 11 m long and had a diameter of 42 inches 1, mm , and thirteen engines.
It had 47 elegant staterooms. Camp scenes of Natchez Indians wardancing and sunworshipping ornamented the fore and aft panels of the main cabin, which also had stained glass windows depicting Indians. Declaring that the War was over, on March 4, , Leathers raised the American flag when the new Natchez passed by Vicksburg, the first time he hoisted the American flag on one of his ships since By lack of business had stymied the Natchez.
In January it burned down at Lake Providence, Louisiana. Captain Leathers, deciding he was too old to build a new Natchez , retired.
Jefferson Davis sent a letter of condolences on January 5, , to Leathers over the loss of the boat. Much of the cabin was salvageable, but the hull broke up due to sand washing within. In Congress passed an "Act to Improve the Navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers" and "to remove sand bars on the Ohio and planters, sawyers, and snags on the Mississippi". The Army Corps of Engineers was given the job.
In , there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi, the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids, where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock. Both rapids were considered virtually impassable. The Army Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5 ft 1. Lee endorsed the project in The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids. By , it had become evident that excavation was impractical, and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids.
That canal opened in , but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle. Louis became an important trade center, not only for the overland route for the Oregon and California trails, but as a supply point for the Mississippi. Rapids north of the city made St.
Louis the northernmost navigable port for many large boats. The Zebulon Pike and his sisters soon transformed St. Louis into a bustling boom town, commercial center, and inland port.
By the s, it was common to see more than steamboats at the St. Louis levee at one time. Immigrants flooded into St. Louis after , particularly from Germany.
During Reconstruction, rural Southern blacks flooded into St. Louis as well, seeking better opportunity. By the s, St. Louis had become the largest U. James Eads was a famed engineer who ran a shipyard and first built riverboats in the s, then armed riverboats and finally the legendary bridge over the Mississippi. His Mound City Ironworks and shipyard was famous, and featured often in the naming of vessels. Memphis became another major port on the Mississippi. It was the slave port.
Hence the city was contested in the Civil War.
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