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A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is typically propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The traditional kayak has a covered deck and one or more cockpits, each seating one paddler.
The cockpit is sometimes covered by a spray deck that prevents the entry of water from waves or spray, differentiating the craft from a canoe. The spray deck makes it possible for suitably skilled kayakers to roll the kayak: that is, to capsize and right it without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.
Some modern boats vary considerably from a traditional design but still claim the title "kayak", for instance in eliminating the cockpit by seating the paddler on top of the boat "sit-on-top" kayaks ; having inflated air chambers surrounding the boat; replacing the single hull by twin hulls, and replacing paddles with other human-powered propulsion methods, such as foot-powered rotational propellers and "flippers".
Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of small electric motors, and even by outboard gas engines. The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut , Inuit , Yupik and possibly Ainu [1] hunters in subarctic regions of the world.
Western Alaskan Natives used wood whereas the eastern Inuit used whalebone due to the treeless landscape [ citation needed ]. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4, years old. Native people made many types of boats for different purposes. The Aleut baidarka was made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods.
An umiak is a large open-sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet 5. It is considered a kayak although it was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles, and typically had more than one paddler. Native builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them passed on through oral tradition.
The word "kayak" means "man's boat" or "hunter's boat", and native kayaks were a personal craft, each built by the man who used it�with assistance from his wife, who sewed the skins� [ dubious � discuss ] and closely fitting his size for maximum maneuverability.
The paddler wore a tuilik , a garment that was stretched over the rim of the kayak coaming and sealed with drawstrings at the coaming, wrists, and hood edges. This enabled the " eskimo roll " and rescue to become the preferred methods of recovery after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim; their waters are too cold for a swimmer to survive for long. Instead of a tuilik , most traditional kayakers today use a spray deck made of waterproof synthetic material stretchy enough to fit tightly around the cockpit rim and body of the kayaker, and which can be released rapidly from the cockpit to permit easy exit.
Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats. The length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builder's hips plus two fists and sometimes less. The typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb hitch hiker. Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet 5. This measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak because each kayak was a little different.
Most of the Aleut people in the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland Inuit relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of prey�primarily seals, though whales and caribou were important in some areas. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves. In other parts of the world home builders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks, usually with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric, such as sc.
Contemporary traditional-style kayaks trace their origins primarily to the native boats of Alaska, northern Canada , and Southwest Greenland. The use of fabric kayaks on wooden frames called a foldboat or folding kayak German faltboot or Hardernkahn became widely popular in Europe beginning in when they were mass-produced by Johannes Klepper and others.
This type of kayak was introduced to England and Europe by John MacGregor sportsman in , but Klepper was the first person to mass-produce these boats made of collapsible wooden frames covered by waterproof rubberized canvas. By , Klepper and Company were making 90 foldboats a day. Joined by other European manufacturers, by the mids there were an estimated half-million foldboat kayaks in use throughout Europe.
First Nation masters of the roll taught this technique to Europeans during this time period. These boats were tough and intrepid individuals were soon doing amazing things in them. In June , a German named Franz Romer Sea kayak rigged his foot-long foldboat with a sail and departed from Las Palmas in the Canary Islands carrying pounds of tinned food and 55 gallons of water. Fifty-eight days and 2, miles later he reached Saint Thomas, U. Virgin Islands.
Another German, Oskar Speck , paddled his foldboat down Aluminum Boat Builders Washington State Vpn the Danube and four years later reached the Australian coast after having traveled roughly 14, miles across the Pacific. With her partner Ken Hutchinson, Hurd won the double canoe race. Lang won the doubles foldboat event with her partner, Alexander "Zee" Grant. He outfitted his foldboat, named Escalante, with a sponson on each side of his boat and filled the boat with beach balls. As with nearly all American foldboat enthusiasts of the day, he did not know how to roll his boat.
Fiberglass mixed with resin composites, invented in the s and 40s, were soon used to make kayaks and this type of watercraft saw increased use during the s, including in the US. He knew how to roll and only swam once, in Hance Rapid see List of Colorado River rapids and features.
Like Grant's foldboat, Kirschbaum's fiberglass kayak had no seat and no thigh braces. Inflatable rubberized fabric boats were first introduced in Europe and Rotomolded plastic kayaks first appeared in Most kayaks today are made from roto-molded polyethylene resins. The development of plastic and rubberized inflatable kayaks arguably initiated the development of freestyle kayaking as we see it today since these boats could be made smaller, stronger, and more resilient than fiberglass boats.
Typically, kayak design is largely a matter of trade-offs: directional stability "tracking" vs maneuverability; stability vs speed; and primary vs secondary stability. Multihull kayaks face a different set of trade-offs.
The paddler's body shape and size is an integral part of the structure, and will also affect the trade-offs made. Attempting to lift and carry a kayak by oneself or improperly is a significant cause of kayaking injuries.
If the displacement of a kayak is not enough to support the passenger s and gear, it will sink. If the displacement is excessive, the kayak will float too high, catch the wind and waves uncomfortably, and handle poorly; [16] it will probably also be bigger and heavier and than it needs to be.
Being excessively big will create more drag, and the kayak will move more slowly and take more effort. On the other hand, a higher deck will keep the paddler s dryer and make self-rescue and coming through surf easier. But paddling ease is helped by lower sides where the paddler sits and a narrower width. While the kayak's buoyancy must be more than the loaded kayak, the optimal amount of excess buoyancy varies somewhat with kayak type, purpose, and personal taste [16] squirt boats , for instance, have very little positive buoyancy.
Displacements obviously must also vary greatly with paddler weight. Most manufacturers make kayaks for paddlers weighing 65�85 kg � lb , with some kayaks for paddlers down to 50 kg lb. Oversized kayaks for children mean that they are likely to need to be towed towards the end of a paddle. Some commercial kayaks are made to fit small adults and children, and a few are built narrower, to fit women see section on stability, below. As a general rule, a longer kayak is faster: it has a higher hull speed.
It can also be narrower for a given displacement, reducing the drag, and it will generally track follow a straight line better than a shorter kayak. On the other hand, it is less maneuverable. Very long kayaks are less robust, and may be harder to store and transport. Kayaks that are built to cover longer distances such as touring and sea kayaks are longer, generally 16 to 19 feet 4. With touring kayaks the keel is generally more defined helping the kayaker track in a straight line.
Whitewater kayaks, which generally depend upon river current for their forward motion, are short, to maximize maneuverability. These kayaks rarely exceed 8 feet 2.
Recreational kayak designers try to provide more stability at the price of reduced speed, and compromise between tracking and maneuverability, ranging from 9�14 feet 2. Length alone does not fully predict a kayak's maneuverability: a second design element is rocker , i. A heavily rockered boat curves more, shortening its effective waterline. For example, an foot 5. In contrast, the bow and stern of a rockered boat are out of the water, shortening its lengthwise waterline to only 16 ft 4.
Rocker is generally most evident at the ends, and in moderation improves handling. Similarly, although a rockered whitewater boat may only be a few feet shorter than a typical recreational kayak, its waterline is far shorter and its maneuverability far greater. When surfing, a heavily rockered boat is less likely to lock into the wave as the bow and stern are still above water. A boat with less rocker cuts into the wave and makes it harder to turn while surfing. The overall width of a kayak's cross-section is its beam.
A wide hull Aluminum Boat Builders Washington State Australia is more stable and packs more displacement into a shorter length. A narrow hull has less drag and is generally easier to paddle; in waves, it will ride more easily and stay dryer. A narrower kayak makes a somewhat shorter paddle appropriate and a shorter paddle puts less strain on the shoulder joints. Some paddlers are comfortable with a sit-in kayak so narrow that their legs extend fairly straight out.
Others want sufficient width to permit crossing their legs inside the kayak. Primary sometimes called initial stability describes how much a boat tips, or rocks back and forth when displaced from level by paddler weight shifts.
Secondary stability describes how stable a kayak feels when put on edge or when waves are passing under the hull perpendicular to the length of the boat.
For kayak rolling , tertiary stability, or the stability of an upside-down kayak, is also important lower tertiary stability makes rolling up easier. Primary stability Aluminum Boat Builders Washington State System is often a big concern to a beginner, while secondary stability matters both to beginners and experienced travelers.
By example, a wide, flat-bottomed kayak will have high primary stability and feel very stable on flat water. However, Aluminum Boat Builders Washington State City when a steep wave breaks on such a boat, it can be easily overturned because the flat bottom is no longer level. By contrast, a kayak with a narrower, more rounded hull with more hull flare can be edged or leaned into waves and in the hands of a skilled kayaker provides a safer, more comfortable response on stormy seas.
Kayaks with only moderate primary, but excellent secondary stability are, in general, considered more seaworthy , especially in challenging conditions. The shape of the cross section affects stability, maneuverability, and drag. Hull shapes are categorized by roundness, flatness, and by the presence and angle of chines. This cross-section may vary along the length of the boat.
A chine typically increases secondary stability by effectively widening the beam of the boat when it heels tips. A V-shaped hull tends to travel straight track well but makes turning harder. V-shaped hulls also have the greatest secondary stability.
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