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Microbes form a biofilm in response to a number of different factors, [9] which may include cellular recognition of specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface, nutritional cues, or in some cases, by exposure of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.
A biofilm may also be considered a hydrogel , which is a complex polymer that contains many times its dry weight in water. Biofilms are not just bacterial slime layers but biological systems; the bacteria organize themselves into a coordinated functional community.
Biofilms can attach to a surface such as a tooth or rock, and may include a single species or a diverse group of microorganisms. The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in the environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and a host body's immune system.
A biofilm usually begins to form when a free-swimming bacterium attaches to a surface. Biofilms are hypothesised to have arisen during primitive Earth as a defence mechanism for prokaryotes, as the conditions at that time were too harsh for their survival.
Biofilms protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm. The formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of free-floating microorganisms to a surface.
A unique group of Archaea that inhabit anoxic groundwater have similar structures called hami. Each hamus is a long tube with three hook attachments that are used to attach to each other or to a surface, enabling a community to develop.
Hydrophobicity can also affect the ability of bacteria to form biofilms. Bacteria with increased hydrophobicity have reduced repulsion between the substratum and the bacterium. Non-motile bacteria cannot recognize surfaces or aggregate together as easily as motile bacteria. During surface colonization bacteria cells are able to communicate using quorum sensing QS products such as N-acyl homoserine lactone AHL. Once colonization has begun, the biofilm grows by a combination of cell division and recruitment.
Polysaccharide matrices typically enclose bacterial biofilms. In addition to the polysaccharides, these matrices may also contain material from the surrounding environment, including but not limited to minerals, soil particles, and blood components, such as erythrocytes and fibrin.
The development of a biofilm may allow for an aggregate cell colony or colonies to be increasingly tolerant [19] or resistant to antibiotics. Cell-cell communication or quorum sensing has been shown to be involved in the formation of biofilm in several bacterial species. Biofilms are the product of a microbial developmental process.
Dispersal of cells from the biofilm colony is an essential stage of the biofilm life cycle. Dispersal enables biofilms to spread and colonize new surfaces. Enzymes that degrade the biofilm extracellular matrix , such as dispersin B and deoxyribonuclease , may contribute to biofilm dispersal. Secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , this compound induces cyclo heteromorphic cells in several species of bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans.
Nitric oxide has potential as a treatment for patients that suffer from chronic infections caused by biofilms. It was generally assumed that cells dispersed from biofilms immediately go into the planktonic growth phase.
However, studies have shown that the physiology of dispersed cells from Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is highly different from those of planktonic and biofilm cells. Dispersed cells are found to be highly virulent against macrophages and Caenorhabditis elegans , but highly sensitive towards iron stress, as compared with planktonic cells. Biofilms are usually found on solid substrates submerged in or exposed to an aqueous solution , although they can form as floating mats on liquid surfaces and also on the surface of leaves, particularly in high humidity climates.
Given sufficient resources for growth, a biofilm will quickly grow to be macroscopic visible to the naked eye. Biofilms can contain many different types of microorganism, e. However, some organisms will form single-species films under certain conditions. The EPS matrix consists of exopolysaccharides , proteins and nucleic acids. This matrix encases the cells within it and facilitates communication among them through biochemical signals as well as gene exchange. The EPS matrix also traps extracellular enzymes and keeps them in close proximity to the cells.
Thus, the matrix represents an external digestion system and allows for stable synergistic microconsortia of different species. Bacteria living in a biofilm usually have significantly different properties from free-floating bacteria of the same species, as the dense and protected environment of the film allows them to cooperate and interact in various ways. However, biofilms are not always less susceptible to antibiotics. For instance, the biofilm form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has no greater resistance to antimicrobials than do stationary-phase planktonic cells, although when the biofilm is compared to logarithmic-phase planktonic cells, the biofilm does have greater resistance to antimicrobials.
This resistance to antibiotics in both stationary-phase cells and biofilms may be due to the presence of persister cells. Biofilms are ubiquitous in organic life. Nearly every species of microorganism have mechanisms by which they can adhere to surfaces and to each other.
Biofilms will form on virtually every non-shedding surface in non-sterile aqueous or humid environments. Biofilms can grow in the most extreme environments: from, for example, the extremely hot, briny waters of hot springs ranging from very acidic to very alkaline, to frozen glaciers. Biofilms can be found on rocks and pebbles at the bottoms of most streams or rivers and often form on the surfaces of stagnant pools of water. Biofilms are important components of food chains in rivers and streams and are grazed by the aquatic invertebrates upon which many fish feed.
Biofilms are found on the surface of and inside plants. They can either contribute to crop disease or, as in the case of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on root nodules , exist symbiotically with the plant.
Percolating filters in sewage treatment works are highly effective removers of pollutants from settled sewage liquor. They work by trickling the liquid over a bed of hard material which is designed to have a very large surface area. A complex bio-film develops on the surface of the medium which absorbs, adsorbs and metabolises the pollutants.
The biofilm grows rapidly and when it becomes too thick to retain its grip on the media it washes off and is replaced by newly grown film. The washed off "sloughed" off film is settled out of the liquid stream to leave a highly purified effluent. Slow sand filters are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce a potable product. They work through the formation of a biofilm called the hypogeal layer or Schmutzdecke in the top few millimetres of the fine sand layer.
The Schmutzdecke is formed in the first 10�20 days of operation [50] and consists of bacteria , fungi , protozoa , rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae. As an epigeal biofilm ages, more algae tend to develop and larger aquatic organisms may be present including some bryozoa , snails and Annelid worms.
The surface biofilm is the layer that provides the effective purification in potable water treatment, the underlying sand providing the support medium for this biological treatment layer. As water passes through the hypogeal layer, particles of foreign matter are trapped in the mucilaginous matrix and soluble organic material is adsorbed. The contaminants are metabolised by the bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Plant-beneficial microbes can be categorized as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.
Molecular properties on the surface of the bacterium cause an immune response in the plant host. Plants that have been colonized by PGPR forming a biofilm have gained systemic resistances and are primed for defense against pathogens. Studies in discovered that the immune system supports biofilm development in the large intestine.
This was supported mainly with the fact that the two most abundantly produced molecules by the immune system also support biofilm production and are associated with the biofilms developed in the gut. This is especially important because the appendix holds a mass amount of these bacterial biofilms. In the human environment, biofilms can grow in showers very easily since they provide a moist and warm environment for the biofilm to thrive. Biofilms can form inside water and sewage pipes and cause clogging and corrosion.
Biofilms on floors and counters can make sanitation difficult in food preparation areas. Biofilm in soil can cause bioclogging. Biofilms in cooling- or heating-water systems are known to reduce heat transfer. Bacterial adhesion to boat hulls serves as the foundation for biofouling of seagoing vessels. Once a film of bacteria forms, it is easier for other marine organisms such as barnacles to attach. Time in dry dock for refitting and repainting reduces the productivity of shipping assets, and the useful life of Boat And Stream Problems Pdf Unlock ships is also reduced due to corrosion and mechanical removal scraping of marine organisms from ships' hulls.
Stromatolites are layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and cementation of sedimentary grains by microbial biofilms, especially of cyanobacteria. Stromatolites include some of the most ancient records of life on Earth, and are still forming today. Within the human body, biofilms are present on the teeth as dental plaque , where they may cause tooth decay and gum disease.
These biofilms can either be in an uncalcified state that can be removed by dental instruments, or a calcified state which is more difficult to remove. Removal techniques can also include antimicrobials. Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that adheres to the teeth and consists of many species of both bacteria and fungi such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans , embedded in salivary polymers and microbial extracellular products.
The accumulation of microorganisms subjects the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations of bacterial metabolites which results in dental disease. The dental plaque biofilm can result in the disease dental caries if it is allowed to develop over time. An ecologic shift away from balanced populations within the dental biofilm is driven by certain cariogenic microbiological populations beginning to dominate when the environment favours them.
The shift to an acidogenic , aciduric, and cariogenic microbiological population develops and is maintained by frequent consumption of fermentable dietary carbohydrate. The resulting activity shift in the biofilm and resulting acid production within the biofilm, at the tooth surface is associated with an imbalance between demineralization and remineralisation leading to net mineral loss within dental hard tissues enamel and then dentin , the sign and symptom being a carious lesion.
By preventing the dental plaque biofilm from maturing or by returning it back to a non-cariogenic state, dental caries can be prevented and arrested. A peptide pheromone quorum sensing signaling system in S. This system is optimally expressed when S. Biofilm grown S. When the biofilm, containing S. Predator - prey interactions between biofilms and bacterivores, such as the soil-dwelling nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , had been extensively studied. Via the production of sticky matrix and formation of aggregates, Yersinia pestis biofilms can prevent feeding by obstructing the mouth of C.
Many different bacteria form biofilms, including gram-positive e. Bacillus spp, Listeria monocytogenes , Staphylococcus spp, and lactic acid bacteria , including Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis and gram-negative species e. Escherichia coli , or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
I am falling of my chair! My employer has a paid RHEL subscription, but we developers often use Centos in VMs and for ad-hoc tasks because of its simplicity and availability. I personally often spin up a Centos VM while working from home, and build and package our proprietary Ruby RPMs which work differently to 8 modules - multiple versions installed at the same time , and we later deploy the same RPMs to RHEL knowing it will work the same.
This will create compatibility problems. I need the assurance of binary compatibility, and I personally work on installed RHEL servers, but do not have access to install or update my own. You can do that but a dirty secret is a lot of those CentOS systems get used in production for minor stuff.
They did fabulous with OS2 Warp back around I have faith they will have the same success again. Not worried about IBM and you should not either. Ibm has been on a 5 year slide - DOWN. So tell us again how IBM is doing "ok". Full fail on IBM. You should be, IBM basically buy stuff to cash cow it and run it into the ground by not spending money on development. Notes and Domino is a perfect example of that and their failure with SmartCloud, as well as leaving those customers who were silly enough to purchase SmartCloud in the lurch after selling the lot to HCL.
But the bigger crux is the public image. While, at the same time, they see such clones as a serious problem to their revenue stream. They could have done it the other way, by obfuscating their changes, like the rest of the world does. But that'd have drawn them bad press. Creator first, IBMer later. Speaking for self, I feel being let down - a technocrat was supposed to be at the helm this time.
Simply said, Bye! In response to that may all the community then should some making packages for RHEL distro? In response to that may all the community then should stop making packages for RHEL distro? Centos gets the "Red Hat Way" in front of new developers all over the world.
Those developers, not the companies that hire them, will chose their platforms. Every company I've ever worked in has paid for a license on every single prod server.
Large enterprises tend to be hard-nosed about it, but even smaller companies see the benefit of support. Development servers are a separate matter. While most companies I've worked at did pay for licenses on development servers, some chose to use Centos in development.
Red Hat's decision is short-sighted. It creates unnecessary ill will in the community, which means that the next generation of developers will look elsewhere. If you can't figure out, this is what will happen: you will chase off developers on Centos first, then companies with production servers on RH as well and vice versa.
You shoot your own leg. But those 80 RHEL licenses are not windows licenses because the company could save money on the dev and test environments.
Once those become expensive, companies are going to save on paying these Linux engineers and go all Microsoft. Your statement is absolute bollocks!!! CentOS has given more value to RH itself. Steal isn't a appropriate 'word' mate , you sound like a millinnieal from IBM. Its a opensource and GPL covers usage aspects.
I don't think it is a good way, even though win this time. We should do some thing beat back. Such as do some thing valuable for supporting Rocky Linux. That move from CentOS people is good For Canonical and SuSE! The Red Hat Universal Base Image - A powerful tool for containerized application developers that provides a safer, more secure and free-of-charge redistributable container base image for creating containerized, cloud-native enterprise applications.
It also enables compatible container images with other operating systems. We also recommend that you join the Red Hat Developer Program. For partners, we recommend that you join the Red Hat Partner Connect program.
For the amount of work that the company does, they do need a steady revenue stream, to pay all those engineers. There are better companies on the list that screw the communities. I won't put Red Hat on that list. If they were really worried about production systems using CentOS then they could have just kept developing it but made it dev only with RHEL required for any production system.
Then again if there is a free development version of RHEL then fair enough. Their business model has always been to sell support, not code. The problem was their level of support wasn't enough value added for a lot of people. This is absolutely outrageous, this is not how things are done in communities. Major designs aren't just fall from "above". I fully agree. It is sad. Not for production and stable environments.
Good bye CentOS. Debian is a very solid base but that base is solely based on the quality of "upstream first policy", which is something not all vendors like to follow all the times. This is incredibly disappointing to see.
This way I can have a constantly unstable system. Cuz I think it's a good way to make your customers migrate away. Amazon Linux 2 is free. Whatever moron thought this was a good idea needs to be fired immediately.
CentOS clearly doesn't understand their customers and users. I work at a Red Hat partner in Finland and even we get a lot of customers asking for CentOS higher education, public organizations. We might end up upselling them to RHEL eventually but if they start moving straight to Ubuntu, we cannot even make an offer. RedHat is shooting its foot with a shotgun on this and in a small country might just shift things so much that entire ecosystems gets flushed out with it once enough time passes and adoptions rate plummets.
Some years ago when went through the hassle of switching all our workstations from OpenSuse to CentOS to have binary compatibility with our servers and eliminate some of the hassle, but it seems that all goes into the bin now. Bad move, RedHat, bad move. With stream being in front of the main RHEL version, binary compatibility just went out the window!! The reality is precisely the opposite. This is a Server OS not a beta testing OS looks like I will be looking for one of the new distros that will be made by how many people you have offended and businesses that can not accept this as a solution including my company.
But clearly things are shifting in that direction. Hello to all. In my humble opinion, Linux does not need more distros, what it needs is a very trusted and reliable Linux OS for web servers, truly open source that will not succumb to the temptation of being purchased by greedy corporations, that only cares for money not for users and a good OS. Please no more confusion and dispersion in Linux, divide and conquer is what we do not want nor need in the Open Source field, we are already plenty divided.
Please let us unite efforts in just one platform. My 2 cents. Thanks and Regards. Did the community vote for this change? Other wise it means the CentOS project is not community driven and the entire premise of the CentOS project is a marketing lie. I wonder how many others have picked up on this and perhaps if the community were involved maybe they really did vote overall for the change It is a pity that the solid confidence and 10 year support were shutdown.
Though, It is still good distro for making your webserver or to use it for small servers. I guess my argument "Use CentOS, not Ubuntu if you want most stable production" is out of the window now. Ubuntu it is then from now on. Canonical also supports only a very small subset of packages for the very long time. And they even sometimes take over backports, like Java 8 for jessie. Debian is also supported for 5 years and under Ubuntu only the "main" repo is supported, which are way less packages than supported in Debian.
This is the dumbest move. How much is it going to impact hobbyists and enthusiasts as well? Hopefully an idea slightly less dumb than this announcement And then supporting users.
You don't have very informed knowledge about an Enterprise Linux Distribution. Seriously not cool, Red Hat. I've been a Red Hat user since Red Hat 4.
I have just slammed the brakes on the planned upgrade to CentOS 8 as we have some CentOS 6 systems in production that need to be migrated.
Looks Boats And Streams Problems With Solutions Pdf Quiz like, for now, 7 it is, and see what Rocky Linux looks like. OK, this sounds really stupid. If you want to pay for OS and there are many good reasons why you could , then why pay somebody who just steals code, and not pay Red Hat itself? The link says that you don't have to pay for Oracle Linux. So switching to it from CentOS 8 could be a very easy option. Oracle Linux is free. The only thing that costs money is support for it. I quote "Yes, we know that this is Oracle, but it's actually free.
Oracle already screwed me once with OpenSolaris, and then again with Java licensing. I'm not going there again. I wouldn't trust oracle as far as you can throw them. Requiring a license for a Java Runtime in a corporate environment, where the corporation isn't asking for support from the vendor, is rediculous. I've installed it on a VM to have a look around. Yeah, it works, and despite the warnings you need to register to update, that isn't actually the case and 'yum update' works just fine. Only Oracle would mess it up such that their own product fails.
I like CentOS but after this is not a option anymore. It will get even closer to the the SLE Boat And Stream Problems For Bank Exams 2020 stream. Next to this, Tumbleweed as tested rolling release is for those who cant wait to get the latest software. I don't think oracle has any incentive to build a distro on their own.
IBM is messing up RedHat after the take over last year. This is the most unfortunate news to the Free Open-Source community. You can use Oracle Linux in exactly the same way as you did CentOS except that you have the option of buying support without resinstalling a "commercial" variant. Everything's in the public repos except a few addons like ksplice.
You don't even have to go through the e-delivery to download the ISOs any more, they're all linked from yum. OL will continue to be that. Not likely. Oracle Linux has extensive use by paying Oracle customers as a host OS for their database software and in general purposes for Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
Oracle customers would be even less thrilled about Streams than CentOS users. I hate to admit it, but Oracle has the opportunity to take a significant chunk of the CentOS user base if they don't do anything Oracle-ish, myself included. I'll be pretty surprised if they don't completely destroy their own windfall opportunity, though. OEL is literally a rebranded RH.
So, what's not to like? That's entirely correct. There is no charge for OEL. Oracle only charges for support if you want it. Um, yeah, and how long was CentOS free? How about Oracle Java? Putting your eggs in the Oracle basket is a recipe for disaster. I can live with that because for work purposes maintaining a local mirror of everything you install is something we do anyway as best practice.
Not really true. First, if you take a look at the repo for OL8 Latest, you'll see a bunch of different versions of packages. Of course, you should still run latest RPMs as much as possible for security purposes, whether you're running on your own or do buy support.
When looking in the repository with contract I couldn't find without problems. May be I didn't look in the archvied channel, and different structure of public an privte repositories. If this is not the case try to choose other distribution.
But I guess such things do happen with time If, at some point, Oracle attacks their product's users in the way IBM has here, then one can move to Debian, but for now, it's a working solution, as CentOS no longer is.
Remember Oracle is the company that literally -stole- OpenSolaris and closed it's source. That is shameless and if you believe in Open Source you can't forgive that. The goal is not to stay on OL.
The goal is to tell management, hey OL 8 is an option so we can continue our product cycle and buy time. It's the automation that is harder but it isn't that hard. It's up to you man if you want to go to bat with management but vendor lockin is painful and Oracle will lock you in. That's okay though, it's a common misconception. Not doing marketing here as that would be inappropriate, just fixing a naming nitpick. I have been using CentOS for over 10 years and one of the things I loved about it was how stable it has been.
Now, instead of being a stable release, it is changing to the beta testing ground for RHEL 8. And instead of 10 years of a support you need to update to the latest dot release.
This has me, very concerned. Shed no tears for using CentOS for free. That is the benefit of opening the core of your product. You are missing a very important point. If money was the problem, they could have asked for donations and it would be clear is there can be financial support for rebuild or not.
Putting entire community in front of done deal is disheartening and no one will trust Red Hat that they are pro-community, not to mention Red Hat employees that sit in CentOS board, who can trust their integrity after this fiasco? It's the other way round. RedHat is selling something which is made by others for free.
Read the GPL license as a start. Many of us have tried to be part of the CentOS community and do donate servers, mirror resources, and employee time toward making CentOS better. We get screwed just as much as the rest of the community.
This is disappointing and frustrating. That said, how is CentOS Stream different from Fedora since they both track ahead of RHEL and therefore seem to meet the same need, and how does it provide value for us, the end users? Unlike CentOS, Fedora doesn't have to make decisions about what to ship or not ship based on Red Hat's desire to support things.
How does anyone know that Canonical would not be acquired by someone and change their models of Ubuntu. It is pretty well known they have been trying to sell the company for years. I feel like depending on a free, and unsupported operating system software does not buy companies very much. One year's notice for such a massive change is unacceptable. People already started deploying CentOS 8 with the expectation of 10 years of updates.
Well, you get a rolling beta-testing distro for another 9 years. It's no longer identical to their product, it's not stable enough to have same level of the enterprise support. Therefore many CentOS users have to become RHEL customers or move to another emerging clone which will struggle with lack of support initially.
This is unbelievable to me - and is going to be damaging to the Open Source Community at large. Published LTS dates should never be changed so dramatically with such little notice. I'm embarrassed for those that made this decision.
You turned your back on the community you currently claim to help. Very much this. We already have many CentOS 8 hosts in production and now we have to migrate them to CentOS 7 as it has the longest support. Yup, if they did this with RHEL9, no problem. But cutting the EOL of an existing product by 8 years?
Definitely, cutting a live and on going production is litter ally a backstab to the community, they should have wait for RHEL 9 and announce it years before doing so,. This does raise the question of what's going to happen to Fedora. My trust in Oracle is not enough for me to invest time and effort in Oracle Linux. Very sad about this news! The announcement means that you'll have to invest time and effort in something.
CentOS is effectively being cancelled; the brand will remain, but there's no product comparable to what people thought of as CentOS before. My office switched the bulk of our RHEL to OL years ago, and find it a great product, and great support, and only needing to get support for systems we actually want support on. Its a matter of going through the list of installed packages, use 'rpm -e --justdb' to remove the package from the rpmdb, and re-installing the package without dependencies from the OL ISO.
I am considering creating another rebuild of RHEL and may even be able to hire some people for this effort. If you are interested in helping, please join the HPCng slack link on the website hpcng.
This sounds like a great idea and getting control away from corporate entities like IBM would be helpful. Have you considered reviving the Scientific Linux project? Feel free to contact me. I can contribute compute and storage resources. I can program in a few different languages. If and when you do, please consider making your new website a Brave Verified Content Creator.
I earn a little bit of money every month using the Brave browser, and I end up donating it to Wikipedia every month because there are so few Brave Verified websites. The verification process is free, and takes about 15 to 30 minutes. I believe that the Brave browser now has more than 8 million users. The so called organization that get tons of money from tech oligarchs and yet the whine about we need money and support?
If you don't believe me just check their biggest donors also they keen to be insanely biased and allow to write on their web whoever pays the most Seriously, find other organisation to donate your money. Please keep us updated. I can't donate much, but I'm sure many would love to donate to this cause. Not sure what I could do but I will keep an eye out things I could help with. I would certainly appreciate and use that!
This is the project he is working on. This announcement is very difficult to distinguish from just saying: "CentOS is being abolished. If there's a difference between what I've written and what the post above actually says, I'd be very happy to understand it. That's pretty much how I read it, too. I didn't realize the CentOS name had cachet among the bleeding-edge bunch.
Seems a strange application to me. CentOS has always been a fully open sourced rebuild of the stable enterprise-ready RHEL and this is what drives such high demand for it. If it's not as production ready as RHEL then what's the reason for using it going forward? People will just switch to Debian. CentOS is RH from to date. What you expected? RH and now IBM just think of profit. It was expected, search the net for comments back in IT's not like we weren't expecting it, but at the very least we thought they had the decency of maintaining their commitments.
So if CentOS 9 didn't exist, okay fine. We even thought CentOS 8 might not exist but it was promised and it had a promised commitment date.
That isn't professional at all. Who wants to deal with a company who can pull out their commitments whenever they feel like it? What's the point of a stable enterprise distro when you are going to make it a rolling release? Thank you for ruining CentOS.
You're awesome! Same here. I have absolutely no idea what I am going to do now. It would take me months full time to move to something else, and they sure as heck arent going to pay for RHEL licenses.
The fact that I am even considering OEL is making me nauseous. Canonical probably loves this decision Increasing the market share of the. Deb branch of the Linux world and future software compatibility for those operating systems.
It crashes thanks to needing an updated package that's not on RedHat yet. Also, perhaps it's time to update your business model and streamline it to match the rest of the Linux world. After using a rolling release distro for years on my personal systems, I am very happy hear CentOS is going full rolling release. I will have to say organizationally, some of the old school people I work with mostly in management are having a hard time how to handle our image build and release cycles.
I would appreciate a blog post in the future for what to expect for image release cycles datacenter and cloud. Keyword "personal distro". If a doctor was using a computer to do surgery on you, would you be okay with a rolling release on that machine? If you want consumer grade, that is what Fedora is for. But you are confused about something, there is no "rolling release".
All that is changing is now you'll be getting less stable code. We all should buy RHEL and shut up because the community ain't shit. Yes, lets release a roadmap for Centos 8 support, get a ton of the community to begin migrating over to it, only to have the rug pulled from under them.
Beautiful move. While I vehemently disagree with the direction CentOS is taking here, they are within their rights to do so. It's free stuff, who are we to demand things? We have already started deploying CentOS 8 in the field expecting it to be supported for many years to come, now we're going to have to put a halt on that and figure out what we're doing next and no, paying for a RHEL license is not an option. Genuine thanks for the all the work over the years, Team CentOS, but this move is awful.
It should have happened with CentOS 9. The community. It's FOSS not a corporation. You have every right to shit on them for bad decisions and to have a hand in its governance. You do know that Red Hat re-invests half of it's revenue into open source projects, such as a the kernel. There are few free rides when it comes to Red Hat and open source - before they contribute and help the projects. Bad idea. Do you realize how much market share you will be losing and how much chaos you will be creating with this?
That's exactly what they're saying. We all knew from the moment IBM bought Redhat that we were on borrowed time. My level of confusion regarding CentOS just went from quite low to fairly high.
As a long-timer, this seems like a sad development. Yeah, excatly. CentOS was never confusing to anyone in the Linux ecosystem, even new users understood it. Now though, what the heck. Agree completely. To go back on that LTS date is a terrible idea. Anyway thanks for all the great work in the past.
Sad to see CentOS die like this though. Was a great ride while it lasted. What's the point of Fedora now? Why do this? That's really bad for everyone that invested time on Enterprise Linux EL derivatives. This is just killing CentOS. It is precisely that. That's what they've announced. The fact that they're re-using the CentOS brand for something different doesn't really mean anything. Who came up with this idea?
You just shot yourself in the leg. That is false. It seems you do not understand what RHEL is. Significant work. No other Linux distro comes close. Feels like a lucky escape. Well, I guess that means the tens of thousands of cores of research compute I manage at a large University will be migrating to Debian.
I'm going to contact Red Hat and ask for options, for sure. Who can I flog, and what can i flog them with? Well thanks for a whole lot of nothing. I spent the last week setting several servers up with centOS8 expecting 10 years. Now I'm on a rolling release. Well if I'm going to be on a rolling release, I guess I'm using archlinux for everything like on my personal computer. A big thank you for not following through on our listed commitments that people have made decisions on.
No faith in cent os. This is ridiculous. Completely destroying the entire point of CentOS for the majority of us. Who is to say they won't change that as well? Red Hat did change. Years ago, when your subscriptions expired, you could continue to use RHEL just without the updates.
Now if your subscription expires, you have to decommission the server. You can no longer continue to use it when the subscription expires. My hot take is much different than the rest of what I'm seeing here. This mostly just gives the community at large more access to the process by which the latter is created.
It sounds like the community will have more insight into, and potentially more influence over, that process. Previously that has been mostly invisible magic unless you worked at Red Hat or a few big customers or partners.
I miss this kind of access supporting some of my current customers, to that could be nice. For people who were not after that kind of visibility and participation, I guess it's less exciting. Log in to developer. I use this to work on stuff that will eventually be deployed to production on paid RHEL all the time. CentOS never quite exactly perfectly matched the names of repositories and such anyway. They don't owe us pre-built binaries. Heck, they don't owe source that exactly matches the commercial release to anyone who didn't get the commercial release.
So, if they change the approach to CentOS in a way that favors people who want to participate at the expense of people who want to free ride, it's hard to hold that against them. And you know if it gets too hard to free-ride, someone will start another under-resourced rebuild project that unpredictably fails to release any updates if certain key people are vacationing.
You're correct to say that RH don't owe anyone pre-built binaries. That's why CentOS began - other people put in the work to turn source into binaries and creating a community around it. They succeeded. RH then took over CentOS with the promise that they would keep it going Correct me if I am wrong, but by the very nature of open source, they actually do owe us, the community, access to the binaries.
We may have to compile it and removed trademarked items like logos, but the source code is "free. Read the terms. The developer program is not even signable for a non company. And the usage of RHEL is allowed purely for development. Have fun with the audit rights of Red Hat.
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