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Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their families. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.

This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. Land productivity is low as the farmer does not use fertilizers or other modem inputs. Intensive Subsistence Farming: It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.

It is labor intensive farming. Yield per hectare is high because high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used. The size of the land-holdings is small and uneconomical. Farmers take maximum output from the limited land by class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full crops in a year from the same land, i. Commercial Agriculture: In this, crops are mainly grown for commercial purposes. It is practiced on large pieces of land on scientific and commercial lines using machines and modem technology.

There is higher use of modem agricultural inputs, e. The degree of commercialization varies from one region to. Rice is a commercial crop in Punjab, while in Odisha it is subsistence crop. Characteristics of plantation agriculture: A single type of crop is grown on a large area. Class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full is carried out on large estates using lot of capital intensive units.

Lot of migrant laborers work on these estates. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. All the produce is used as raw material in the respective industries. The production is mainly for the market, i. Rice is the most important food crop Kharif crop of India.

Class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full holds second position in rice production after China. Four major regions of rice cultivation are �. Wheat is the second most important cereal crop of India. It is the main food crop. Geographical conditions: Cool and moist growing season.

Bright sunshine at the time of ripening. Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm evenly distributed over the growing season, loamy soil. Wheat growing zones�. Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production, kharif crop, rainfed crop grown in moist areas.

Millets are called coarse grains. They have high nutritional value, important part of the diet for poor people.

It grows well in old alluvial soils. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. In some states like Bihar, maize is grown in rabi season. Maize production in India has increased due to factors like�use of modem inputs such as HYV seeds; use of fertilisers; and use of irrigation facilities.

India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. Geographical conditions: It is a tropical as well as subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate.

Annual rainfall between 75 cm and cms. Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a variety of soils. It needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.

Sugarcane is the main source of sugar, gur jaggerykhandsari and molasses. Oilseeds: India is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world. Six major oilseeds produced in India�Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum tilsoyabean, castor-seeds, class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full, sunflower and cotton-seeds. Most of these oilseeds are edible and are used as cooking mediums. Some are also used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.

Tea Geographical conditions: It grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. It requires deep, fertile, well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. It requires warm and moist frost free climate round the year. Frequent showers evenly distributed through the year class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full continuous growth of tender leaves.

Tea is a labour intensive industry. It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour. Cotton is mainly produced in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Cotton is the fibre crop which is mainly grown in the black soil of the Deccan Plateau class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full. Jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, especially in the Hoogly Basin because there the geographical conditions favour its growth.

These conditions are�. Jute products are �gunny bags, ropes, mats, carpets, yams and other ornamental artifacts. Conditions: It requires hot and humid climate.

Rainfall� cms. Maximum rubber is consumed in the manufacture of auto tyres and tubes and cycle tyres and tubes. If you have any query regarding Agriculture Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest. Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains.

It produces raw materials for our various industries, e. Agricultural products, like tea, coffee, spices are exported and earn foreign exchange. Harvested in summer�April to June. Important crops: wheat, barley, mustard, peas, gram.

Kharif crops Crops of the rainy season : Sown�onset of monsoon June-July. Harvested� September-October. Important crops: rice, maize, millets, jowar, bajra, tur arharmoong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

Zaid season: It is a short cropping season during summer months mainly between March-April and June-July. Main crops�watermelon, musk melon, cucumber. Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, Sikkim. Bajra: It grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soils.

India is the 3rd largest producer class 10th ncert geography chapter 4 notes full cotton in the world.

Geographical conditions. Requires�high temperature; light rainfall or irrigation; frost-free days; bright sunshine; black cotton soil; Kharif crop and requires months to mature. These conditions are� High temperature required during the time of growth, Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.

Institutional reforms in Agriculture: Collectivization and consolidation of land holdings to make them economically viable. The green revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution to increase milk production.

Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari. Provision of crop insurance to protect the farmers against losses caused by natural calamities, i. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV. Announcement of minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for crops to check the exploitation of farmers.

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NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture Completes Notes Part 1 Get unlimited access to the best preparation resource for IAS: Get complete video lectures from top expert with unlimited validity: cover entire syllabus, expected topics, in full detail- anytime and anywhere & . Apr 03, �� Agriculture Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 4 India is an agricultural country because of the following reasons: Two-third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains.

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