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Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Question 1 a Write a note on Guiseppe Mazzini. Question 1 b Write a note on Count Camillo de Cavour. Question 1 c Write a note on The Greek war of independence. Question 1 d Write a note on Frankfurt parliament. Question 2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Solution: From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
The ideas of la patrie the fatherland and le citoyen the citizen emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
Question 3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? The importance of the way in which they were portrayed was to remind the public of their national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with them.
Question 4. Briefly trace the process of German unification. Solution: Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.
This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners called Junkers of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years � with Austria, Denmark and France � ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
Question 5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? Solution: The following changes were introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him :. Question 1. Explain what is meant by the revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? Solution: Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property. The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press. Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year , a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
Events of February in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist � such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire � men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles � a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? Solution: In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones � such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland. Question Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans? Solution: The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after was the area called the Balkans.
The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success.
One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.
Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence. Multiple Choice Questions. Who, among the following, hosted the Congress at Vienna in Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France Class 10th History Chapter 7 Ncert Solutions Review before the revolution of ? Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union ? Which one of the following states was ruled by an Italian princely house before the unification of Italy?
Which one of the following statements is not Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 3 Days true about Giuseppe Mazzini? Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation? Which area was known as the powder keg of Europe? Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure a cloth b thread c land d height. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt Assembly convened a at the church of St. What did the crown of oak leaves symbolise? By which of the following treaties was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?
Who was Wolfe Tone? Which of the following best explain Utopian society? The main function of the Prussian Zollverein was to a impose a custom duty on imported goods.
Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon? The Treaty of Vienna signed in a brought the conservative regimes back to power.
Romanticism refers to a a cultural movement b religious movement c political movement d literary movement. What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise? Who among the following was proclaimed the first King of United Italy? Most important outcome of the French Revolution of was a the abolition of absolute monarchy.
Identify and mark the incorrect response. A large number of people were hostile to the Napoleonic code because a it was not suitable for all.
For the middle class of Europe, the most important feature of Liberalism was a abolition of conservatism. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail to achieve its goal? Solution: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.
Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy. Unlike his contemporary Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini never compromised his republican ideas and refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy. Mazzini was the spiritual force of the Italian resurrection.
He joined the Carbonari, a revolutionary organisation and was arrested in He was sent into exile in for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first � Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini was in favour of a republic because he thought sovereignity resides essentially in the people and can only completely express itself in that form.
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