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This is known as parasitic mode of nutrition and such organisms are called parasites. Some parasites are ectoparasite. They lived outside of the body of the host and derive their nutrition, the host such as cuscuta, leech, blood sucking mosquitoes etc. Some parasites live in the body of the host called endoparasites. For example: tapeworm, some fungi, etc. Paramoecium is unicellular animal which has a definite shape slipper � like. Paramoecium takes in food at a specific point through oral groove to mouth to gullet.
Food such as bacteria or very small organisms are moved to the specific spot ingestion point by the movement of cilia which are present all over the single-celled body.
From the gullet a food vacuole is formed which starts circulating in the endoplasm. During circulation food is digested by enzymes. The digested food diffuses into the cytoplasm and undigested food is thrown out through the pore. Emulsification means a fine dispersion of one liquid in another. In reference to digestion of food, breakdown of large fat globules in the small intestine by the bile juice from liver into fine smaller fat globules so to increase the efficiency of enzyme action, is called emulsification.
Differentiate between Inhalation and Exhalation. Answer 1: The blood brings CO2 form the body parts to be released into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar cavity is taken up in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.
This forms the breathing cycle taking in air and given out air is rhythmic. But during breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out. The lungs always contain a residual volume of air. So that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Thus, there is some gap in between inspiration taking in air and expiration given out air during breathing cycle but exchange of gases continuous.
Question 2: What are the basic materials used during photosynthesis? Write chemical equation for photosynthesis. Answer 2: Materials used in photosynthesis are a Carbon Dioxide and b Water. Chemical equation of photosynthesis.
Question 1: Explain the process of nutrition in amoeba with the help of diagrams. Answer 1: Engulfing of Food: Amoeba obtains food by phagocytosis a type of holozoic nutrition. Amoeba engulfs the food by forming pseudopodia.
Two pseudopodia start growing from opposite sides of food particle. They completely encircle the food and their lips touch each other. The membranes of both the pseudopodia dissolve at the point of touching and the food is encaptured into the Amoeba one cell body in a bag known as food vacuole.
Digestion of food: Inside the food vacuole, complex substances of the food are broken down into simpler ones. The digested simple substances diffuse from food vacuole into cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is moved near the surface of the single-celled body of amoeba and thrown out. Example of other unicellular organisms are Paramoecium and Euglena. Pseudopodia also help amoeba in locomotion.
Question 2: a Where are salivary glands located in human beings? State the role of saliva in the digestion of food. Answer 2: Salivary glands secrete their secretion called saliva in the mouth cavity. There are three pairs of salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva Amylase enzyme. Role Or Function of saliva: 1. Saliva moisten the food thus help in chewing of food by the teeth.
Human saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that converts starch into maltose a sugar. Saliva also helps in swolling and passage of food chewed food through the food canal which has soft lining. Thus, it is necessary for them to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, so that their circulatory system is more efficient and can maintain their constant body temperature.
Some finger like projection are present in the inner wall of small intestine. Write their name. Why are they important? Which is the internal energy reserve in plants? Do the animals have the same energy reserve? Justify your answer. What are nutrients? Explain the structure of stomata. Write functions of guard cells. Write major functions of stomata present in the epidermis. Stomata remains closed during the day in desert plants. How they get carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?
Explain parasitic mode of nutrition with two examples. How does nutrition takes place in Paramoecium? What is emulsification? Important Questions on 10th Science Chapter 6 How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from the liver and the pancreas.
The bile salts from the liver break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. It takes place in the small intestine.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands, located under the tongue. It makes the food soft for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.
How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? The alveoli are the small balloon-like structures present in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli consist of extensive network of blood vessels. Answer: i The plants get rid of gaseous products-through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems.
Question 3 How is the amount of urine produced regulated? Answer: The amount of urine is regulated by kidney. It depends on the quantity of excess water and wastes dissolved in water. When water is less in quantity in the body tissues, a small quantity of concentrate urine is excreted. When there is more quantity of dissolved wastes in the body, more quantity of water is required to excrete them. Therefore, the amount of urine produced increases. Question 1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for i nutrition ii respiration iii excretion iv transportation Answer: iii Excretion.
Question 2 The xylem in plants are responsible for i transport of water ii transport of food iii transport of amino acids iv transport of oxygen Answer: i Transport of water. Question 3 The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires i carbon dioxide and water ii chlorophyll iii sunlight iv all of the above Answer: iv All of the above. Question 4 The breakdown Ncert Solutions Class 10th Science Chapter 4 of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in i cytoplasm ii mitochondria iii chloroplast iv nucleus Answer: ii Mitochondria.
Question 5 How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? Answer: Digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine. Bile juice secreted by the liver poured in the intestine along with pancreatic juice. The bile salts present in the bile juice emulsify fhe large globules of fats.
Therefore, by enulsification large globules break down into fine globules to provide larger surface area to act upon by the enzymes. Lipase enzyme present in the pancreatic juice causes break down of emulsified fats. Glands present in the wall of small intestine secrete intestinal juice which contains lipase enzyme that converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Question 6 What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? Answer: Saliva contains salivary amylase enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars like maltose. Saliva keeps the mouth cavity clean and moistens the food that help in chewing and breaking down the big pieces of food into smaller ones.
Question 7 What are the necessary conditions or autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products? Answer: Necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition : i Presence of chlorophyll in the living cells. By-product of auto tropic nutrition is oxygen. Question 8 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration. Question 9 How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Answer: i The alveoli are thin walled and richly supplied with a network of blood vessels to facilitate exchange of gases between blood and the air filled in alveoli. Hence, provide maximum surface for exchange of gases. Question 10 What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies? Answer: Due to the deficiency of haemoglobin in blood, its oxygen carrying capacity decreases.
As a result the production of energy by oxidation will become slower. Therefore, one would fall sick and would feel fatigue most of the time. Question 11 Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Answer: In our heart blood enters twice and also pumped out twice from the heart. The deoxygenated blood from the body is brought to the right atrium through vena cava from where it is sent to right ventricle. From right ventricle, the blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery. The oxygenated blood from lungs again enters the left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins.
From left atrium it is send to left ventricle, from where this oxygenated blood is pumped to different parts of body through the arteries.
Necessity of double circulation: The right side and the left side of the human heart are useful to keep deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing. This type of separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in case of humans who constantly need energy to maintain their body temperature. Question 12 What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
Question 13 Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals.
Question 1 How are fats digested in our bodies? Solution: The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on fats. Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules, which make it difficult for enzymes to act on them.
Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine contain glands, which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Question 2 What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
This is actually not only water, but also a fluid called saliva secreted by the salivary glands. Another aspect of the food we ingest is its complex nature. If it is to be absorbed from the alimentary canal, it has to be broken into smaller molecules.
This is done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes. The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch, which is a complex molecule to give sugar.
The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue. Question 3 What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
Solution: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water, which is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant.
The carbohydrates, which are Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 3 Eng not used immediately, are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve to be used as and when required by the plant. Question 4 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Solution: The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for various life processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways � some use oxygen to breakdown glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water; some use other pathways that do not involve oxygen.
In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air oxygen , it is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria.
This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air oxygen , it is called aerobic respiration. The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process. Question 5 How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Solution: Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, which finally terminate in balloon-like structures, which are called alveoli.
The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels.
As we have seen in earlier years, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result.
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.
During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Question 6 Describe double circulation in human beings. Solution: The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.
The adult human heart consists of two separated pumps, the right side with the right atrium and ventricle which pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood re-enters the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body. This part of the circulation is called as systemic circulation.
This type of circulation is called double circulation. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure.
Question 1. Yeast respires anaerobically using sugar as a substrate. Out of the options given below, choose the correct combination of condition and product? Answer: c Under an aerobic condition, yeast respires and converts glucose to alcohol and CO 2. Question 2. The table shows the percentage composition of four samples of air.
Which sample could have been breathed out by a person after vigorous exercise? Answer: b This is because rapid aerobic respiration occurs � during vigorous exercise in order to obtain more energy. Question 3. Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of a lactic acid b acetic acid c excess of water d ethanol Answer: a Lactic acid is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate when oxygen is insufficient in muscles instead of forming C02 and water.
Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles causes cramps. Question 4. Which of the following plays nose like function in plants? Answer: a When a person breathes deeply the external intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to swing up and out.
Also, the diaphragm contracts and flattens causing the thoracic cavity to increase in volume and decrease in pressure. Question 6. The diagram given above shows part of the lining of the human trachea. What is the function of X? The constant action of these cilia carry mucus and debris upward into the pharynx where they are swallowed. Question 7. The table given below shows the percentage composition of a gas in inspired and in expired air. What is the gas? Nutrition Nutrition is the process by which source of energy food is transferred from outside the body of the organism to the inside.
Most of the food sources are also carbon-based on Earth and depending on the complexity of these carbon sources different organisms use different kinds of nutritional processes. Autotrophic Nutrition: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. Heterotrophic Nutrition: Heterotrophs depend on other organisms for their nutrition. Respiration It is the process by which organism uses the food material to produce energy.
Diverse organisms do this in different ways: Energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell.
Large inter-cellular spaces ensure that all cells are in contact with air. Direction of diffusion depends upon the Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 7 Inst environmental conditions and the requirements of the plant. For e. CO 2 elimination majorly takes place at night while oxygen release is the major event of the day time.
Haemoglobin in RBC of blood transport O 2 from lungs to various tissues of the body. Life Process The processes which maintain the body functions and are required for the survival of living being are called life processes.
Some of the important life processes are nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion etc. Nutrition In Human Beings The alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus. The food is then passed to stomach via oesophagus. The peristaltic movements occur all along the gut which helps in pushing the food forward. In stomach, pepsin helps in protein digestion. It receives pancreas and liver secretions.
The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption. Large intestine absorbs water from the unabsorbed food. Oxygenation of blood: Invertebrates such as birds, mammals etc which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature, blood goes through heart twice during each cycle which is known as double circulation.
Transport of Water. Excretion The biological process involved in removal of harmful metabolic wastes from body is called excretion. Many unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion from body surface into surrounding water. However, complex multi-cellular organisms use specialised organs to perform this function. Answer: Processes essential for maintaining life are : i Nutrition ii Respiration iii Transportation iv Excretion Page Number: Question 1 What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer: Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition i In this mode of nutrition an organism makes or synthesizes its own food.
Page Number: Question 1 What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? Page Number: Question 1 What are the components of the transport system in human beings? Page Number: Question 1 Describe the structure and functions of nephrons.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Textbook Chapter End Questions Question 1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for i nutrition ii respiration iii excretion iv transportation Answer: iii Excretion Question 2 The xylem in plants are responsible for i transport of water ii transport of food iii transport of amino acids iv transport of oxygen Answer: i Transport of water Question 3 The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires i carbon dioxide and water ii chlorophyll iii sunlight iv all of the above Answer: iv All of the above Question 4 The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in i cytoplasm ii mitochondria iii chloroplast iv nucleus Answer: ii Mitochondria Question 5 How are fats digested in our bodies?
Answer: Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. It takes place in the absence of oxygen. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
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