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Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments, called actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal, a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement in the related organ. Endocrine System: The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands.
A ductless gland is called endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones assist the nervous system in control and co-ordination.
Nervous do not react to every nook and corner of the body and hence hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control, hormonal control is somewhat slower. Hormones: These are the chemical messengers secreted in very small amounts by specialised tissues called ductless glands. Endocrine System helps in control and coordination through chemical compounds called hormones.
Endocrine Gland: A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. Iodised salt is necessary because: Iodine mineral is essential part of thyronine hormone so it is important that we must consume iodised salt as in turn it is essential for thyroid gland as it controls carbohydrate, proteins and fat metabolism for best balance of growth deficiency of iodine might cause disease called goitre.
Treatment : Patients have to internally administer injections of insulin hormone which helps in regulating blood-sugar level. Feedback mechanism: A type of self-regulating mechanism in which the level of one substance in body influences the level of another. Control and Co-ordination in Plants: Movements in plants and plant harmones. Co-ordination in Plants: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system.
Plants use chemical means for control and co-ordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in plants. Movements in plants can be divided into two main types :. Tropic Movement: The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are called tropic movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular direction. There are four types of tropic movements.
Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i. Stems usually show negative geotropic movement. Stems usually show positive phototropic movement, while roots usually show negative phototropic movement. If a plant is kept in a container in which no sunlight reaches and a hole in the container allows some sunlight; the stem finally grows in the direction of the sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate of cell division in the part of stem which is away from the sunlight.
As a result, the stem bends towards the light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased secretion of the plant hormone auxin in the which is away from sunlight. This shows a positive hydrotropic movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil around a support. The differential rate of cell division in different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.
Nastic Movement: The movement which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic movement.
For example, when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements usually happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the cells in the leaves lose- water and become flaccid, resulting in drooping of leaves. Plant hormones: Plant hormones are chemical which help to co-ordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.
Type of plant hormones: Main plant hormones are. These are classified as follows : Phono-receptors: These are present in inner ear. Functions: The main functions are hearing and balance of the body.
Photo-receptors: These are present in the eye. Function: These are responsible for visual stimulus. Thermo-receptors: These are present in skin. Functions: These receptors are responsible for pain, touch and heat stimuli. These receptors are also known as thermoreceptors. Olfactory-receptors: These are present in nose. Functions: These receptors receive smell.
Gustatory-receptors: These are present in the tongue. Functions: These helps in taste detection. Functions of the nervous system Nervous system receives information from the environment. To receive the information from the various body. To act according to through muscles and glands. A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Types of neuron Sensory neuron: These neurons receive signals from a sense organ. Motor neuron: These neurons send signals to a muscle or a gland.
Association or relay neuron: These neurons relay the signals between sensory neuron and motor neuron. The autonomous nervous system can be divided into two parts : Sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nervous system. It also explains prime examples of evolution thoroughly. Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction: The crucial notes cover the important topic of reflection and refraction and how to calculate the nature, position, image and its magnification generated by a spherical mirror.
It also includes refraction of light via glass slab, the concept of refractive index and more. Chapter 11 - Human Eye and Colourful World: Our revision notes cover the importance of the eye, defects of vision and their correction, atmospheric refraction, light refraction through the prism, scattering of light, Tyndall effect and more. Chapter 12 - Electricity: Our notes cover all the related topics of electricity in this chapter.
Students can understand the electric current and circuit with the help of a diagram. It also includes factors on which the resistance conduct relies and the system of resistors. Chapter 13 - Magnetic Effects of Electric Current: Our 10th Science Notes cover all the significant topics like magnetic field and field lines, the force on current-carrying conductors, etc.
It also covers electric motors, electric generators and domestic electric circuits in a detailed way. Studying from notes will help you skip reading those boring chapters again and again.
Notes play a very important role in self study. Also, studying from these notes will help you in having a better preparation level for your next exam. You can simply read the notes and directly jump to solving the questions. The study notes prepared by ncertbooks.
Make sure that you go through them every day for a sound preparation for your exams.
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