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Southern Chinese junks were based on keeled and multi-planked Austronesian jong known as po by the Chinese, from Javanese or Malay perahu - large ship.
This is different from northern Chinese junks, which are developed from flat bottomed riverine boats. Archeological investigations done at Portus near Rome have revealed inscriptions indicating the existence of a 'guild of shipbuilders' during the time of Hadrian.
Until recently, Viking longships were seen as marking a very considerable advance on traditional clinker -built hulls of plank boards tied together with leather thongs.
Haywood [39] has argued that earlier Frankish and Anglo-Saxon nautical practice was much more accomplished than had been thought, and has described the distribution of clinker vs. The ship was 26 metres 85 ft long and, 4. Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine strakes on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together.
It could hold upwards of thirty men. Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost , enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side.
Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", [41] with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends. Another important ship type was the galley which was constructed with both sails and oars. The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written c. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on ship building, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials.
His treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships. Outside Medieval Europe, great advances were being made in shipbuilding. The mainstay of China's merchant and naval fleets was the junk , which had existed for centuries, but it was at this time that the large ships based on this design were built.
During the Sung period � AD , the establishment of China's first official standing navy in AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad from Heian Japan to Fatimid Egypt allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like Fujian to thrive as never before. The largest seaports in the world were in China and included Guangzhou , Quanzhou , and Xiamen.
In the Islamic world, shipbuilding thrived at Basra and Alexandria , the dhow , felucca , baghlah and the sambuk , became symbols of successful maritime trade around the Indian Ocean ; from the ports of East Africa to Southeast Asia and the ports of Sindh and Hind India during the Abbasid period.
At this time islands spread over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean were being colonised by the Melanesians and Polynesians, who built giant canoes and progressed to great catamarans.
Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty primarily worked for the government, under command of the Ministry of Public Works. During the early years of the Ming dynasty, the Ming government maintained an open policy towards sailing. Between and , the government conducted seven diplomatic Ming treasure voyages to over thirty countries in Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and Eastern Africa. Six voyages were conducted under the Yongle Emperor's reign, the last of which returned to China in After the Yongle Emperor's death in , his successor the Hongxi Emperor ordered the suspension of the voyages.
The seventh and final voyage began in , sent by the Xuande Emperor. Although the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors did not emphasize sailing as much as the Yongle Emperor, they were not against it. This led to a high degree of commercialization and an increase in trade. Large numbers of ships were built to meet the demand. The Ming voyages were large in size, numbering as many as ships and 28, men.
Shachuan , or 'sand-ships', are ships used primarily for inland transport. It is said in vol. The shipyard was under the command of Ministry of Public Works. The shipbuilders had no control over their lives. The builders, commoner's doctors, cooks and errands had lowest social status. There were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation: family tradition, or apprenticeship.
If a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition, the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding from his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard. Additionally, the shipbuilder had access to business networking that could help to find clients. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship, the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a shipbuilder, or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder.
Many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation. The ships built for Zheng He's voyages needed to be waterproof, solid, safe, and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods.
Therefore, due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the expeditions, trades, and government policies, the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements.
Shipbuilding was not the sole industry utilising Chinese lumber at that time; the new capital was being built in Beijing from approximately onwards, [44] which required huge amounts of high-quality wood. These two ambitious projects commissioned by Emperor Yongle would have had enormous environmental and economic effects, even if the ships were half the dimensions given in the History of Ming.
Considerable pressure would also have been placed on the infrastructure required to transport the trees from their point of origin to the shipyards.
Shipbuilders were usually divided into different groups and had separate jobs. Some were responsible for fixing old ships; some were responsible for making the keel and some were responsible for building the helm.
After , the Ming government reversed its open maritime policies, enacting a series of isolationist policies in response to piracy. The policies, called Haijin sea ban , lasted until the end of the Ming dynasty in During this period, Chinese navigation technology did not make any progress and even declined in some aspect.
Documents from for example, refer to watercraft on the Sierra Leone river, carrying men. Others refer to Guinea coast peoples using war canoes of varying sizes � some 70 feet in length, 7�8 feet broad, with sharp pointed ends, rowing benches on the side, and quarter decks or focastles build of reeds.
The watercraft included miscellaneous facilities such as cooking hearths, and storage spaces for the crew's sleeping mats. From the 17th century, some kingdoms added brass or iron cannons to their vessels.
The city-state of Lagos for instance, deployed war canoes armed with swivel cannons. With the development of the carrack , the west moved into a new era of ship construction by building the first regular oceangoing vessels. In a relatively short time, these ships grew to an unprecedented size, complexity and cost. Shipyards became large industrial complexes and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors.
These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights, and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture , where professional designers and draftsmen played an increasingly important role.
The ships of the Napoleonic Wars were still built more or less to the same basic plan as those of the Spanish Armada of two centuries earlier but there had been numerous subtle improvements in ship design and construction throughout this period. For instance, the introduction of tumblehome ; adjustments to the shapes of sails and hulls; the introduction of the wheel; the introduction of hardened copper fastenings below the waterline; the introduction of copper sheathing as a deterrent to shipworm and fouling; etc.
Though still largely based on pre-industrial era materials and designs, ships greatly improved during the early Industrial Revolution period to , as "the risk of being wrecked for Atlantic shipping fell by one third, and of foundering by two thirds, reflecting improvements in seaworthiness and navigation respectively.
One study finds that there were considerable improvements in ship speed from to "we find that average sailing speeds of British ships in moderate to strong winds rose by nearly a third. Driving this steady progress seems to be continuous evolution of sails and rigging, and improved hulls that allowed a greater area of sail to be set safely in a given wind. By contrast, looking at every voyage between the Netherlands and East Indies undertaken by the Dutch East India Company from to , we find that journey time fell only by 10 per cent, with no improvement in the heavy mortality, averaging six per cent per voyage, of those aboard.
Initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened, Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's Great Britain of was the first radical new design, being built entirely of wrought iron. Despite her success, and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull, compared to a copper sheathed counterpart, there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles.
As a result, composite construction remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame Cutty Sark is a famous example. Later Great Britain ' s iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a copper-based sheathing. Brunel's Great Eastern represented the next great development in shipbuilding.
Built in association with John Scott Russell , it used longitudinal stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments.
Steel also supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century, providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight. Wood continued to be favored for the decks. During World War II , the need for cargo ships was so great that construction time for Liberty ships went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days.
They employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today. The total number of dry-cargo ships built in the United States in a year period just before the war was a grand total of two.
During the war, thousands of Liberty ships and Victory ships were built, many of them in shipyards that didn't exist before the war.
And, they were built by a workforce consisting largely of women and other inexperienced workers who had never seen a ship before or even the ocean. After the Second World War, shipbuilding which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related service and knowledge providers grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world.
This importance stems from:. Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules [ citation needed ] and a tendency towards state - supported over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate income as the shipbuilding market is global.
Japan used shipbuilding in the s and s to rebuild its industrial structure; South Korea started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry.
Conversely, Croatia is privatising its shipbuilding industry. As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices although the industry experienced a price increase in the period � due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases , low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread subsidisation.
All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the � round of negotiations being paused in September after no agreement was possible. After numerous efforts to restart the negotiations these were formally terminated in December Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic industrial policies do not provide support in high labor cost countries, shipbuilding has gone into decline.
The British shipbuilding industry is a prime example of this with its industries suffering badly from the s. In the early s British yards still had the capacity to build all types and sizes of merchant ships but today they have been reduced to a small number specialising in defence contracts, luxury yachts and repair work.
Decline has also occurred in other European countries, although to some extent this has reduced by protective measures and industrial support policies.
In the US, the Jones Act which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, albeit at a reduced rate, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The consequence of this is that contract prices are far higher than those of any other country building oceangoing ships.
Beyond the s, China , South Korea and Japan dominate world shipbuilding by completed gross tonnage. The market share of European ship builders began to decline in the s as they lost work to Japan in the same way Japan most recently lost their work to China and South Korea. Over the four years from , the total number of employees in the European shipbuilding industry declined from , to , Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections.
Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place.
This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.
Ship design work, also called naval architecture , may be conducted using a ship model basin. Previously, loftsmen at the mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data.
Modern ships, since roughly , have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness , which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks see problems of the Liberty ship.
Since roughly , specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. As modern shipbuilding panels on a panel line become lighter and thinner, the laser hybrid welding technique is utilized.
The laser hybrid blend focuses a higher energy beam on the material to be joined, allowing it to keyhole with a much higher depth to width ratio than comparative traditional welding techniques. Typically a MIG process trails the keyhole providing filler material for the weld joint. This allows for very high penetration without excessive heat input from decreased weld metal deposited leading to less distortion and welding at higher travel speeds.
All ships need repair work at some point in their working lives. A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the classification society. A lot of maintenance is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's crew.
However, a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a ship repair yard. Prior to undergoing repairs, a tanker must dock at a deballasting station for completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the construction of ships. For the song, see Shipbuilding song.
For other uses, see Shipwright disambiguation. Not to be confused with Boat building. Construction of ships and floating vessels. Archaeological Institute of America. The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 28 April The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press. ISBN Archived from the original on 2 April Retrieved 23 March Bibcode : Natur.
PMID S2CID Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series Archived PDF from the original on 26 July Retrieved 22 October Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques PhD.
Flinders University. Personal Watercraft for Sale View All. Liked it? Share it! Facebook Twitter. Carol Cronin has published several novels about the Olympics, sailing, hurricanes, time travel, and old schooners. She spends as much time on the water as possible, in a variety of boats, though most have sails. Ranger Tugs R27 Monroe, Michigan.
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