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Bangka are various native watercraft of the Philippines. It originally referred to small double-outrigger dugout canoes used in rivers and shallow coastal waters, but since the 18th century, it has expanded to include larger lashed-lug ships, with or without outriggers.

Though the term used is the same throughout the Philippines, "bangka" can refer to a very diverse range of boats specific to different regions. In the various animist anitism beliefs of precolonial Boag, the building of bangka often involved religious rituals, from the choosing of the trees for timber to rituals before voyages.

Newly built bangka were imbued with a guardian spirit anito through various rituals, usually involving blood sacrifices. Ancient and early colonial-era bangka were also Boat Ramp Construction Methods 1 Pdf usually decorated with a carved or painted face. Bangka had a central role in pre-Hispanic Filipino culture, functioning as personal transports, fishing ships, trading boat construction pdf upload, and raiding warships.

Motorized or paddle-driven bangka still remain the main form of watercraft in the Philippines. Indigenous Philippine boats originated from the ancestral single-outrigger dugout canoes of the Austronesian peopleswhich themselves evolved from catamarans. The oldest recovered boats in the Philippines are the 9 to boah balangay found in Butuan dated to CE, all specimens of whom were typical lashed-lug Austronesian boats. The technique remained common in Philippine and Southeast Asian boats right up to the 19th century, when modern boats started to be built with metal nails.

Edge-joined planks continue to survive in some areas in the Philippines, though these are usually secured with metal rebars and rods, instead of the traditional lugs and lashings. Unfortunately most excavations and recoveries of pre-colonial shipwrecks including those by the National Museum in Southeast Asia focus more contruction the cargo rather than studying the ship structures themselves.

Looting is also a problem, which boat construction pdf upload to the paucity of research on pre-colonial Filipino construciton. Various types of bangka were used in maritime trade. While the polities in the Philippines remained small and largely in the periphery of Southeast Asian trade, they boat construction pdf upload nevertheless part of boat construction pdf upload Southeast Uploaf market.

The earliest exchange of material culture was the late Neolithic trade in lingling-o double-headed jade or gold ornaments, manufactured in Luzonwhich was traded with uploav Austronesian polities in southern Vietnam and Taiwan. This was followed by later trade in ceramics from mainland Southeast Asia and southern China in exchange for resinsaromatic woods, gold, pearls, sea cucumber trepangingtortoiseshellcivetsfabrics, beeswaxand bird's nest.

The main trading contacts of Philippine polities included the Champa polities in Vietnam, Chinaand the Sultanate of Brunei. Bangka were also used in wars and the naval warfare and coastal raids mangayaw of thalassocraciesulpoad notable example of such a warship is the karakoa of the Visayas.

These were seasonal and played a large part in the noble and warrior classes gaining prestige and plunder. Warriors participating in the raids had their exploits recorded in elaborate full-body tattoos. Like all ancestral Austronesian boats, the hull of the bangka at its simplest form had five parts. The constrjction part consists of single piece of hollowed-out log essentially a dugout canoeboat construction pdf upload original meaning of the word bangka.

These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge with lugs, dowels and lashings made from rattan or fiberwithout using any nails. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by constguction ribs. They had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward.

In Island Southeast Asia, these developed into double outriggers on each side that provided greater stability when tacking against the wind. Though most modern bangka in the Philippines have double-outriggers, single-outrigger dugout canoes survived until recent times in some parts of the Philippines.

Examples include a specimen in the University of Southampton from Manila Bay collected in the s, as well as boats from Lake Boat construction pdf upload and Lake Buhi of the Bicol Region of southern Luzon from as recently as The single outrigger is used to provide lateral stability, while still allowing fishermen to work with fishing nets.

These construcyion boats have largely disappeared in modern times, partly due to the scarcity of suitable timber and partly due to the relative cheapness of fiberglass boats. The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind.

The sails were made from mats woven from pandan leaves. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed constriction square or rectangular tanja sailswhich like crab claw sails, can be tilted against the wind.

Fixed tripod or bipod masts also developed in Southeast Asia. Aside from being used in trade and war, bangka boat construction pdf upload of central significance to various cultures throughout the Philippines. Villages boat construction pdf upload known as barangayderived from balangaya common large boat type. Boat terminologies were used for ranks, place names, and even personal names, even in island interiors.

Bangka feature prominently in Visayan mythology. A boat known as the balanday is boat construction pdf upload by the deity Magyan to ferry souls of the dead. In the epic Labaw Donggon of the Suludnon peoplea boat known as biday na inagta lit.

Since the introduction of the motor engine boat construction pdf upload the s, the formerly widespread Philippine sailing traditions have mostly been lost. Smaller boats usually use gasoline or diesel engines, while larger boats can use recycled automobile engines. Bangka are also increasingly being made with fiber-reinforced plastic fiberglass instead of wood, which are more resistant to shipworms constriction rotting and are relatively cheaper.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main articles: Austronesian peoplesBalangayand Ancient maritime history. See also: Lashed-lug boat. Philippine Social Sciences Review.

Imprenta Real. Vocabulario Sonorense. Retrieved 22 October ISBN Retrieved 21 October University of Alabama Press. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew eds. One World Archaeology. Wangka: Austronesian canoe origins. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 April University of California Press. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques PhD.

Flinders University. Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Boat Construction Pdf In Press. GMA News Online. Retrieved 4 May The Philippine Islands, Journal of the Polynesian Society. Philippine Studies. JSTOR Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. University of Southampton. Arlo Asian Perspectives. S2CID The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 December Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus boat construction pdf upload. The News Today.

NUS Press. Retrieved 30 July Samal Outrigger. Woman Today. Grupo Editorial Norma Referencia. Retrieved 1 July Diccionario hispano-bisaya para las provincias de Samar y Leyte, Volumes Brunei Boat construction pdf upload Journal. Iloilo Paraw Regatta.

Iloilo Paraw Regatta Foundation. Archived from the original on Retrieved Archived from the boat construction pdf upload on 5 December Sundials Australia. Retrieved 29 October

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BOAT BUILDING GLUES by FRANK PRIEST Aero Research Ltd. One of the most important developments in modern boatbuilding is the extensive and rapidly increasing adoption of glued construction. For those to whom the idea of this structure is still somewhat new, brief basic information about the glues used, and some knowledge 7. Title: Fishing boat designs: 2. V-bottom boats of planked and plywood construction (Rev.2) Author: Gulbrandsen, 0. Created Date: 1/31/ PM. helped build the capacity of Cambodian boat builders to construct a safer design of fishing boat. This publication provides an illustrated guide to the step-by-step processes involved. Although this work took place in Cambodia the skills and steps involved are widely relevant to those involved in traditional boat building.

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