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The syllabus for Physics at the Higher Secondary Stage has been developed with a view that this stage of school education is crucial and challenging as it is a transition from general science to discipline-based curriculum. The recommendations of National Curriculum Framework have been followed, keeping the disciplinary approach with rigour and depth, appropriate to the comprehension level of learners. Due care has been taken that the syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international standards.
The syllabus provides logical sequencing of the subject matter with proper placement of concepts with their linkages for better understanding. It is expected that the syllabus will help to develop an interest in the learners to study Physics as a discipline and inculcate in learners the abilities, useful concepts of Physics in real-life situations for making learning of Physics relevant, meaningful and interesting. The learner is expected to realize and appreciate the interface of Physics with other disciplines.
The higher secondary stage is crucial and challenging stage of school education as it is a transition from general science to discipline-based curriculum.
Physics is being offered as an elective subject at the higher secondary stage of school education. At this stage, the students take up Physics, as a discipline, with a purpose of pursuing their future careers in basic sciences or professional courses like medicine, engineering, technology and studying courses in applied areas of science and technology at tertiary level.
There is a need to provide the learners with sufficient conceptual background of Physics which would eventually make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the higher secondary stage. The present effort of reforming and updating the Physics curriculum is an exercise based on the feedback received from the school system about existing syllabus and curricular material, large expansion of Physics knowledge, and also the educational and curricular concerns and issues provided in the National Curriculum Framework Due care has been taken that the syllabus is not heavy and at the same time, it is comparable to the international standards.
Also, it is essential to develop linkages with other disciplines for better learning of Physics concepts and establishing relationship with daily-life situations and life-skills.
Emphasis on basic conceptual understanding of content. Emphasis on use of SI Units, Symbols, nomenclature of physical quantities and formulations as per international standards.
The syllabus is arranged in Units spread over two years duration. The Units are so sequenced as to provide different dimensions of Physics as a discipline. The time allocation for learning Physics content per Unit in terms of instructional periods have been mentioned for each Unit to help the Textbook Development Team members to develop the instructional material so as to cover it within the time frame.
Each Unit has been arranged with a topic, content related practical work one core experiment, two activities to be evaluated and suggested investigatory projects one project to be evaluated. There is an imperative need for evaluating the learners through Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation of various concepts covered in a Unit. The experimental skills and process-skills developed together with conceptual Physics knowledge prepare the learners for more meaningful learning experiences and contribute to the significant improvement of quality of life.
The learners would also appreciate the role and impact of Physics and technology, and their linkages with overall national development. Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocitytime and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion graphical treatment. Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors.
Relative velocity. Scalar and Vector products of Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration � projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.
Intuitive concept of force. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road. Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power. Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy kinetic and potential energies ; non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M. Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases.
Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp , Cv � calorimetry; change of state � latent heat. Heat transfer � conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation.
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature zeroth law of Thermodynamics. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators. Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure.
Periodic motion � period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion SHM and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring � restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM � kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum � derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations qualitative ideas only , resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave.
Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Doppler effect. Using a simple pendulum, plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the coefficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.
To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.
To study the variation in the range of a jet of water with the angle of projection. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on inclined plane using a double inclined plane. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve. To determine specific heat capacity of a given i solid ii liquid, by method of mixtures. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions.
To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the observations. To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing capillary rise. To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped meter scale loaded at i at its end ii in the middle. Electric charges and their conservation. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.
Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Potentiometer � principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
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