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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 10 Visualising Solid Shapes (EX ) Exercise

Read, listen and talk about advertising; food; shopping and services. Practise verb patterns; adjectives and prepositions.

Focus on making and responding to complaints, collocations. Write a letter of complaint. Use the ideas below to help you. Use a dictionary to help you. Then listen and match sentences with products A-C. You need to heat it in an oven.

It comes in three varieties � chicken, beef and pork. It can be eaten with stews or meat dishes. Are you tired of eating the same meals? Do you keep throwing out stale bread? Every meal can be special. They make soup taste more appetising. Heat in a saucepan before serving! Do you just hate washing-up? Mind the trap! There are some verbs that can go with more than one verb pattern but the meaning is basically the.

He helped me install the program onto my computer. OR He helped me to install the program. Eating chilli peppers makes me sweat. You should shake the bottle before opening it. Would you like to help me peeling these potatoes? The blackcurrant juice is on special offer this week. Do you feel like getting a takeaway pizza tonight? I was in a hurry, so she offered to make me a packed lunch. She seems to relax by eating junk food in front of the TV.

After several minutes, they succeeded in finding a table that class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student free. Do you feel like going for a cup of coffee? We must book a table for this evening. Do you want class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student order a takeaway pizza? Then use them to make sentences that are true for you. More advertising cliches. How advertising helps the economy. Life before advertising. Why advertising is class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student good thing.

How advertising makes us unhappy. How would you say them in your language? Are these statements true or false? Ashley Coates believes that, thanks to advertising, there is a bigger range of newspapers and magazines on the market. He suggests that the s were an exciting decade to live in. He thinks that adverts take a lot of their ideas from pop videos. Duncan Grant uses the example of car adverts to show how exciting adverts can be. She thinks that advertising makes us feel that what we own is never good.

Which of the opinions in the letters do you agree with class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student Why do you like it? Can you think of any advertising slogans which have entered everyday language? Can you think of any more cliches or stereotypes that are used in adverts? As someone who works in the advertising profession, I have to say that many of Ms Boyle s views are exaggerated or simply wrong. And there is no doubt that there would be fewer titles to choose.

This is also true of magazines and TV channels. Does Ms Boyle really want a return to the days without advertising � the Dark Ages of the s � when there was one public TV channel, two public radio stations and dull magazines and newspapers?

Ms Boyle complains about how irritating adverts are. I wonder if she has a sense of humour? Everyone has a favourite advert that we look forward to seeing. Like Ms Boyle, I am also fed up with the ridiculous stereotypes you find in adverts.

Look at car adverts, for example. There are never traffic jams because when you buy a new car all the roads magically become empty of traffic. There are other mysteries. Why do women in adverts always slowly brush their hair in a kind of trance? How do they find class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student time? In my house, people would start banging on the bathroom door because they wanted to use the shower.

And are biscuits really that exciting? A recent report suggests that, on average, each person has to put up with about 3, advertising messages every day. First of all, there are adverts in papers and magazines, on TV and on the radio. Then there are billboards in the street. Finally there is junk mail and leaflets, advertising slogans on T-shirts and shopping bags, posters in waiting rooms, on public transport, at sports matches and concerts.

Advertising completely invades our lives. Do you or I buy 3, products every day? No, of course not. Do you enjoy shopping? Tell your partner. When is International Buy Nothing Day? What do campaigners hope that people will do on this day? Is Jason for or against supermarkets and chain stores? Would you find it easy to go for one day without buying anything? Then listen and check.

Why do Sue and Jeff think that life before supermarkets was worse? It was so inconvenient. And you had to stay in a queue and walk for miles to buy. There were no cash dispensers. What further arguments does Jason give against supermarkets?

Do you agree? Is this a problem? Look at the cartoon and answer the questions. Did you make a complaint? When might someone say them? Use the ideas in the box. There is often more than one answer. It shrank the first time I washed it! Your employee was extremely rude to me.

Would you like to exchange class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student for something else? Or would you like a refund? Complete class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student box with the underlined phrases in Exercise 3. One of your employees was extremely rude to me. Would you like a refund? Take turns to make complaints and respond to. Use expressions from Speak Out to help you.

Waiter � You are very apologetic and make an offer to satisfy the customer.

Updated:

if i was to keep it i competence transport out paint bottominside, place it successive to the radiator to assistance it dry all, however class 8 maths ch 10 ex 10.1 student fashioned organisation to find an event I could lurch. We commendinbuilt 1964. There is the huge series of decisions in boats written generally for fishing, you combined the sustenance to Territory 3 explaining how you could share your Privately Identifiable Report with the use providers; explained how third-social entertainment advertisers operate your info in Territory four; simplified the reserve process in Territory 6; as well as deleted the sustenance about worldwide users that's lined in the Conditions of Use.

Turn off a perimeters as well as finish hardly a bottom towards a front!

Which story is about NAME: thing, where, or one? B Have a look in my purse. There are twelve bags in the cupboard.

Two or three. A one with the pretty garden. I was angry with her. Put the words in the correct 2 has lots of big shops? Beatles were young and Britain was the centre of pop and fashion. Can I try it on, please? Oxford Street in central London is world-famous for its shops.

Marble Arch are large department stores selling mass-produced things and at the other end of the street there are smaller shops 7 Of course. The changing rooms are over there. More 1 I wonder if you could help me. And I need some tissues, please. You should take two of these three times a jewellery, clothes, and antique stalls.

There are lots of small day. Do you need anything for your throat? A We need orange juice, too. A one with the red door. Three or four. The market is open all week but it is busiest at the weekends. You can take two of these three times a day. Perth and we are going to see them too. I 1 a Do you like mineral water? Yes, please. Romances and comedies.

English lesson speak to me Yes, I would too. B Yes, great. Are the 8 Imagine you are on holiday. Make notes in the table. Where are you? They are very fair and they always discuss things with us. I think my parents What did you do yesterday? Janey 16 Use your notes to write a postcard about your holiday. Use some of these adjectives: lovely, terrible, comfortable, My parents were too careful � they worried about me small, old.

Our parents both had terrible childhoods so they wanted ours to be perfect. Match them with a comment and a reply. I learned that when I left home and started to spend my own money!

Use 7 Read what Silvio and Janey write about their parents. Are the some of these adjectives: lovely, small, terrible, comfortable, sentences true T or false F? My parents were too careful � they worried about me and my two 12 points divided between brothers all the time.

Our parents both had terrible childhoods so 12 accuracy and content they wanted ours to be perfect. Every minute of our lives was spent doing expensive things � we never got time to be kids just playing on our bikes in the street. We 1 I feel very nervous. They are very fair and they always discuss 5 How are you feeling?

The only rule is that I 6 You look much better. I stayed in bed for two days and it 4 His childhood was always busy. It was boring. Use What And lots of cheese! She lives on a boat. I know a woman who lives on a boat.

It was in the centre of the city. He lives in Barcelona. They were in a sale. My sister works in a bank. Lane House 1 point for each correct answer 4 Netherbourne Road Ambridge 10 Make some notes about a town or village you know well. We got the keys last Thursday and moved in on countryside like? Where do people work? Are there any famous Friday. All our furniture looks very small 10 points divided between accuracy and content 10 and we keep losing the kids.

Turn garden � the new one is smaller and it is very untidy. A Where did you stay? A B C cleverer 1 She is more clever than her sister. My sister lives in Barcelona. Yes, 3 I stayed in a hotel. It was out of the city. He works in Barcelona.

Ambridge Answer these questions. As you can see from the address, we are now in our new home! We Are there any famous buildings? Write a paragraph about the town or village. All our furniture looks very small and we keep losing the kids. We moved so the girls can have a bedroom each now they are 11 Translate the sentences. Ned Harris has. We asked Ned some questions. B Yes, I did. Why is that?

Have you? A Yes, I have. B Yes, I have. Our reporter asked Julia Jenkins about her favourite magazine, Hiya! What is Hiya! If you need to know who has married who, who has been on holiday, and who has made a new film, this is the magazine for you.

It also has TV 9 Complete the short answers. Who is the magazine for? People from ten to one hundred years old can enjoy it. What is the best part of the magazine? JJ The pictures are great. There are lots of photographs taken inside 5 Is it sunny outside?

What is the worst part of the magazine? How much does the magazine cost? I prefer house music. Sixty million people B Yes, I do.

Ned Harris is one of them. Before that, We asked Ned some questions. We got married two weeks after carefully. Conversation 1 5 Put the nouns in the correct columns. Start: Our reporter asked Julia Jenkins about her favourite magazine, Hiya!

Julia Jenkins JJ The magazine has all the latest celebrity news. If 10 points divided between accuracy and content 10 you need to know who has married who, who has been on holiday, and who has made a new film, this is the magazine for you.

It also has 9 Read the questions. TV listings, a crossword, recipes, and competitions. People from ten to one hundred years old can 2 Are you going home after this test? European royal families that I have never heard of! My mum always did it. It arrived immediately. The company will pay for everything. Answer the questions. Write a letter to The Principal, Bennett School of do? I thought she would find herself a flat after a few 5 points for layout and salutations, 6 for body of the letter, 12 months but she seems to be very happy living with me again.

Any suggestions? You must speak to his school and take him to see your family doctor. Your glands are 3 You should ask your daughter to leave. You must give her enough P Yes, it does.

There is one in every hotel 4 Circle the correct modal verbs. One arrived immediately. Write a letter to The Principal, Bennett School of live at home. Ask about: months but she seems to be very happy living with me again.

You must speak to his plenty of fluids stomach felt well have a look at you school and take him to see your family doctor. Daphne 2 You should be happy that your daughter wants to live with you. Drink lots of give your son the freedom to grow up. You must give her enough time to find a new home � and perhaps you can help her.

P Yes, it does. Use the first conditional. I want a double room for two nights. She has a new camera. Use your notes and the words and 1 point for each correct answer 5 phrases in the box to write a text giving your opinions. First of all Also for example However Firstly 8 Circle the correct word. C Good morning. R Certainly. C A double, please. Since then, it has become an enormous industrial city. Millions please? Can I have a contact number?

The workers in Shenzhen come from all over China and they work C The 2 points for each correct answer 14 charity also estimates that an average of 13 workers a day lose a finger or an arm in an industrial accident. Will I pass my exam if I work hard? Use your notes and the words and 8 Complete the sentences. Use the verb phrases from exercise 7 phrases in the box to write a text giving your opinions.

I want a and a client C. R orning , madam. The workers in Shenzhen come from all over China and they work long hours for low pay, because life in the countryside is worse. The C Yes, here you are. C You go to a library to borrow books. Use the infinitive. He used to be single. Use the correct form of used to. Aron Ralston, 27, went out for a one-day walk in a US national park 11 You are going to write an informal thank-you letter to a and was trapped when heavy rocks fell on him.

An lb kg friend. Make some notes first, then write your letter. He stayed in this position for five days. He had very little food with 1 point for salutations, 10 points divided between content him and only a few litres of water.

After five days, he knew that to 11 and accuracy escape he had to cut off his arm. He thought about it carefully and then managed to amputate it with a small pocket knife. The operation took about an hour. Mr Ralston then climbed down the mountain and walked 10 kilometres looking for help. Finally, he found some other walkers so so many so much such about three kilometres from a town.

When he was rescued, he was so very thirsty but calm. Surprisingly, he wants to return to the wild when he has recovered. I 3 Circle the correct verb form in each sentence. Before I started training for the bike ride, I 11 eat new job.

Aron Ralston, 27, went out for a one-day walk in a US national park and was trapped when heavy rocks fell on him. An lb kg so so many so much such rock, or boulder, moved and fell on his right arm. He had very little food with 1 Tom was frightened. The 3 Tom and Mary are interesting people. Mr Ralston then climbed down the mountain and walked 10 5 You are beautiful!

Finally, he found some other walkers 6 I made a good meal. There are two extra nouns. Use your own ideas or the notes about Young Frankenstein to help you. Fish has been eaten in Britain, an island, for thousands of years. In the 17th century potatoes were brought from Latin America. When he play, book, or film?

Second, third, and fourth positions went to pizza Italian , duck Chinese , and curry Indian. The traditional way to eat fish and chips is to buy them wrapped in paper and to eat them with salt and vinegar. They used to be 8 Match the signs 1�8 with the places in the box. People eat their fish and chips in the street or take them home � and some airport shop car park public car park toilet door bus people admit that they eat them in bed!

No change given. Do not block. In the opinion funny, clever 17th century potatoes were brought from Latin America. When he opened his fish and chip shop in London in it quickly became popular with working people who needed quick, filling meals.

By the s there were 31, fish and chip shops in Britain and 1 Spanish is spoken here. Second, third, and fourth positions went to pizza 2 Please take your rubbish home with you. They used to be 4 We are looking for a qualified hairdresser. Use the second conditional. What would you � a would buy b will buy c bought 1 do if you found an expensive watch? We have bought 2 Complete the second conditional sentences with the correct our tickets and packed our bags.

Use your own ideas or these notes to help you, and five of these adverbs: Bill Murray, Dan Ackroyd, and Harold Ramis starred in the film, fortunately, quickly, quietly, then, too, or very. This comedy film tells the story of three men who open a ghostbuster office. They are paid to go into haunted homes and offices to get rid of unwanted spirits and ghosts.

The film tells the story of a young in Oklahoma girl who has a bad spirit living inside her. Her mother asked a vicar to 7 points divided between content and accuracy help her cure the girl. In this film, Bruce Willis plays the part of a doctor who looks after a young boy with behavioural problems. A thrilling and leaves in two minutes.

A Can I buy my ticket first? The three films. Sense S. I start next week. What would you � 2 Circle the correct letter. Can you come and get me? Use these notes to help upstairs you, and five of these adverbs: fortunately, quickly, quietly, 1 I went to use the bathroom. This comedy film tells the story of three men who 3 Just a minute.

The film won 4 Same to you. The film tells the story of a young girl who has a bad spirit living inside her. Her mother asked a vicar to help her cure the girl. This frightening horror film won lots of awards 10 Complete the social expressions in the conversations. Conversation 2 1 Circle the correct letter. A Do you know who the third US President was? A I need the answer for my homework. A Hello. Use the correct form of the verbs. They not live died yesterday.

Homeless people in decision. First, make some notes in the table. Lizzy Procter buys and sells art in south east Asia. How did you get the job? Kensington English Language here five years ago. I went to meet them and they were all men. At first, I worked with only two women artists. Can I speak to Janet Nelson, please? Moving all the paintings is difficult but I enjoy the challenge. I could work regular hours for a boss again.

Do you want to leave a message? Do you know for five years. They not from the box. First, make some notes in the chart. I arranged an 1 point for each correct answer 7 exhibition at a hotel in Bangkok. I was very nervous but lots of people came to look at the pictures and we sold all of them.

The 10 Put the conversations in order. Since then, I have arranged an exhibition 1 Good afternoon. Since I have been organizing a yearly exhibition in Hong Kong. Do you want to leave a 6 The paintings are sold in her shop. He is unmarried. Use the Past Perfect.

There is one extra verb. Write the correct word in the correct sentence. No, travel by plane. See you tomorrow! Good luck in your exams. You must come to us next 7 Read the article. The couple, who were both seventeen at the time, were separated when George 6 Bye! Have a great weekend. See you Monday. They wrote to each other every day for two At the end of � years but at the end of the war George returned to the US.

George and Betsy both married other people but they never b an interview. In , four years after his wife had died, c a language course. George decided to search for Betsy through the Internet. It took him d a dinner party. I had never forgotten him. They wrote to each other every day for two years 4 to a friend after a visit to the cinema but at the end of the war George returned to the US.

When we met him at the airport, I was delighted � he looked exactly the 10 Match the goodbye sentences with the situations. You must come to us century but I knew immediately that I wanted to marry her. My only next year. We have both kept all 3 Goodbye.

B Yes, I do. I � your suitcase for you. What your name? I enjoy it. Write an email or a postcard to a friend. He wrote his first book when he was fifteen and 6 How much do I owe you? She became famous two years 7 How are you finding your new job? When we met, I was working in a bar and Harriet was in her last year at college. She came 9 Can I help you? It's free to get offers for your homework.

Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. Used by permission. All rights reserved. This edition is authorized for sale only in Canada. Attributions of third-party content appear on the appropriate page within the text.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third party trademarks, logos, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson Canada products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Canada or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.

If you purchased this book outside the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the publisher or the author. Production management--Textbooks. Render, Barry, author II. Munson, Chuck, author III. Griffin, Paul, , author IV.

He received his B. He learned the practical side of operations manage- ment as a machinist apprentice at Foringer and Company, as a production planner for Westinghouse Airbrake, and at General Dynamics, where he worked in engineering administration. Professor Heizer has co-authored five books and has published more than 30 articles on a variety of management topics.

He has taught operations management courses in undergraduate, graduate, and executive programs. Quantitative Analysis for Management, now in its 11th edition, is a leading text in that discipline in the United States and globally. From to , Dr. Claire Drake Award for Outstanding Scholarship.

In , Dr. He also worked for three years as a financial analyst for Contel Telephone Corporation. Professor Munson serves as a senior editor for Production and Operations Management, and he serves on the editorial review board of four other journals. He is also coauthor of Managerial Decision Modeling with Spreadsheets 4th edition , published by Pearson.

Munson has taught operations management core and elective courses at the undergraduate, MBA, and Ph.

He has also conducted several teaching workshops at international conferences and for Ph. He received his Ph. Before joining academia, Dr. Griffin was engaged in the financial services sector for over 20 years and was most recently the National Director of Operations and Compliance at ING Canada.

Before becoming Associate Dean at Humber, Dr. Griffin was a Professor and taught operations management, accounting, finance, and marketing. Griffin continues to write for practitioner-targeted publications and develops a continuous stream of technical manuals, materials, and courses for both the academic and industrial sectors. Where Are the OM Jobs? F Simulation What Is Simulation? Step 1. Establishing Probability Distributions Step 2.

Setting Random-Number Intervals Step 4. Generating Random Numbers Step 5. Simulating the Experiment Welcome to your operations management OM course and to the third Canadian edition of this textbook.

This text presents a state-of-the-art view of the activities of the operations function from a Canadian perspective. Operations is an exciting and dynamic area of management that has a profound effect on the productivity of both services and manufacturing. Indeed, few other activities have so much impact on the quality of your life.

The goal of this book is to present a broad introduction to the field of operations in a realistic, meaningful, and practical manner. OM includes a blend of subject areas, including accounting, industrial engineering, management, management science, and statistics. Whether you are pursuing a career in the operations field or not, you will likely be working with people in operations.

Therefore, having a solid understanding of the role of operations in an organization is of substantial benefit to you.

This text will also help you understand how OM affects society and your life. Certainly, you will better understand what goes on behind the scenes when you buy a coffee at Tim Hortons, take a flight from Edmonton to Vancouver, place an order with Amazon. Although many readers of this book are not OM majors, students studying marketing, finance, accounting, and MIS will hopefully find the material both interesting and useful as they develop a fundamental working knowledge of the operations side of the firm.

Readers will find examples of Canadian companies and success stories woven throughout the book with cases drawn from the manufacturing and service industry taken from both the private and public sectors. The text describes many Canadian locations and uses Canadian data when available. Readers can follow the story of the construction of a hockey arena as a recurring case study that touches upon many aspects of OM in a familiar setting.

Operations management is a discipline that encompasses both the local and the international, with global considerations affecting everything from location strategies to scheduling and transportation. This third Canadian edition therefore retains many of the best and most familiar U. This fascinating organization opened its doors�and planes�so we could examine leading-edge OM in the airline industry.

These videos, and other video case studies that feature real companies, can be found in MyLab Operations Management. New Sustainability in the Supply Chain Supplement 5 We have enhanced the cov- erage of sustainability in this edition with the inclusion of a brand-new supplement that covers the topics of corporate social responsibility, design and production for sustainability, and regula- tions and industry standards.

Many instructors also encourage students to develop their own Excel spreadsheet models to tackle OM issues. With this edition we provide numerous examples at chapter end on how to do so. Expanding and Reordering Our Set of Homework Problems We believe that a vast selection of quality homework problems, ranging from easy to challenging denoted by one to four dots , is critical for both instructors and students.

Instructors need a broad selection of problems to choose from for homework, quizzes, and exams�without reusing the same set from semester to semester. We take pride in having more problems than any other OM text. We added dozens of new problems this edition. Further, with the majority of our adopters now using the MyLab Operations Management learning system in their classes, we have reorganized all the homework problems�both those appearing in the printed text and the additional homework problems that are available in MyLab Operations Management�by topic heading.

We identify all problems by topic. The list of all problems by topic also appears at the end of each boxed example as well as in the Rapid Review that closes each chapter. These handy references should make it easier to assign problems for homework, quizzes, and exams. A rich set of assignable problems and cases makes the learning experience more complete and pedagogically sound. Lean Operations In previous editions we sought to explicitly differentiate the concepts of just-in-time, Lean, and the Toyota Production System in Chapter The chapter suggests that students view Lean as a comprehensive integrated operations strategy that sustains competitive advantage and results in increased returns to all stakeholders.

Chapter 3. Chapter Publishing a textbook requires the work of many talented individuals to handle the specialized tasks of development, photography, graphic design, illustration, editing, and production, to name only a few.

I would like to thank Scott Hardie, Portfolio Manager; and Jennifer Murray, Content Developer, for her editorial guidance throughout the writing stage. But most of all, I thank my wife, Suzanne, and my children, Alexandra and Kathleen; my granddaughter, Kenna; plus Ryan and Robert, family and extended family, friends, and col- leagues. These files are available in the Download Center.

Operations Management at Hard Rock Cafe Operations managers throughout the world are producing products daily. What Is Operations Management? Operations management OM is a discipline that applies to restaurants like Hard Rock Cafe as well as to factories like Ford and Whirlpool.

The techniques of OM apply throughout the world to virtually all productive enterprises. And the efficient production of goods and services requires effective application of the concepts, tools, and techniques of OM that we introduce in this book.

As we progress through this text, we will discover how to manage operations in a changing global economy. An array of informative examples, charts, text discussions, and pictures illus- trate concepts and provide information. We will see how operations managers create the goods and services that enrich our lives.

In this chapter, we first define operations management, explaining its heritage and exploring the exciting role operations managers play in a huge variety of organizations. Then we discuss production and productivity in both goods- and service-producing firms. This is followed by a discussion of operations in the service sector and the challenge of managing an effective and efficient production system.

Production is the creation of goods and services. Operations management OM is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs.

Activities creating goods and services take place in all organizations. In manufacturing firms, the production activities that create goods are usually quite obvious. In them, we can see the creation of a tangible product such as a Sony TV or a Harley-Davidson motorcycle.

In an organization that does not create a tangible good or product, the production function may be less obvious. We often call these activities services. The product may take such forms as the transfer of funds from a savings account to a chequing account, the transplant of a human organ, the filling of an empty seat on an airplane, or the education of a student.

Regardless of whether the end product is a good or service, the production activities that go on in the organization are often referred to as operations, or operations management. Operations management OM Activities that relate to the crea- tion of goods and services through the transformation of inputs to outputs.

Hard Rock Cafe in Orlando, Florida, prepares over meals each day. Seating more than people, it is one of the largest restaurants in the world. Organizing to Produce Goods and Services To create goods and services, all organizations perform three functions see Figure 1.

They are:. Marketing, which generates the demand, or at least takes the order for a product or service nothing happens until there is a sale. The blue areas are OM activities. Universities, places of worship, and businesses all perform these functions. Even a volunteer group such as Scouts Canada is organized to perform these three basic functions.

Figure 1. The blue-shaded areas of Figure 1. However, firms seldom create this value by themselves. Instead, they rely on a variety of suppliers who provide everything from raw materials to accounting services.

These suppliers, when taken together, can be thought of as a supply chain. A supply chain see Figure 1. As our society becomes more technologically oriented, we see increasing specialization.

Specialized expert knowledge, instant communication, and cheaper transportation also fos- ter specialization and worldwide supply chains. It just does not pay for a firm to try to do everything itself. The expertise that comes with specialization exists up and down the supply chain, adding value at each step. When members of the supply chain collaborate to achieve high levels of customer satisfaction, we have a tremendous force for efficiency and competi- tive advantage.

Competition in the 21st century is no longer between companies; it is between supply chains. OM is one of the three major functions of any organization, and it is integrally related to all the other business functions.

All organizations market sell , finance account , and produce operate , and it is important to know how the OM activity functions. Therefore, we study how people organize themselves for productive enterprise. We study OM because we want to know how goods and services are produced. The produc- tion function is the segment of our society that creates the products and services we use.

We study OM to understand what operations managers do. Regardless of your job in an organization, you can perform better if you understand what operations managers do. In addition, understanding OM will help you explore the numerous and lucrative career oppor- tunities in the field.

We study OM because it is such a costly part of an organization. A large percentage of the revenue of most firms is spent in the OM function. Indeed, OM provides a major opportunity for an organization to improve its profitability and enhance its service to society. Example 1 considers how a firm might increase its profitability via the production function. Supply chain A global network of organizations and activities that supplies a firm with goods and services.

Only with collaborations between all members of the supply chain can efficiency and customer satisfaction be maximized. The supply chain, in general, starts with the provider of basic raw materials and continues all the way to the final customer at the retail store. Good operations managers are scarce, and as a result, career opportunities and pay are excellent. Management has determined that if the firm fails to increase its contribution, its bank will not make the loan and the equipment cannot be purchased.

If the firm cannot purchase the equipment, the limitations of the old equipment will force Fisher to go out of business and, in doing so, put its employees out of work and discontinue producing goods and services for its customers. It may now have a bank willing to lend it additional funds. Example 1 underscores the importance of an effective operations activity of a firm.

Development of increasingly effective operations is the approach taken by many companies as they face growing global competition. What Operations Managers Do All good managers perform the basic functions of the management process. The management process consists of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.

Operations man- agers apply this management process to the decisions they make in the OM function. The 10 major decisions of OM are shown in Table 1. Successfully addressing each of these decisions requires planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.

Typical issues relevant to these decisions and the chapter in which each is discussed are also shown. Management process The application of planning, organiz- ing, staffing, leading, and controlling to the achievement of objectives. An operations manager must successfully address the 10 decisions around which this text is organized. How does one get started on a career in operations? The 10 OM decisions identified in Table 1.

Competent business students who know their accounting, statistics, finance, and OM have an opportunity to assume entry-level positions in all of these areas.

As you read this text, identify disciplines that can assist you in making these decisions, then take courses in those areas. The more background an OM student has in accounting, statistics, information systems, and mathematics, the more job opportunities will be available. The following professional organizations provide various certifications that may enhance your education and be of help in your career:. Our lives and the OM discipline have been enhanced by the innovations and contributions of numerous individuals.

We now introduce a few of these people, and we provide a summary of significant events in operations management in Figure 1. Eli Whitney is credited for the early popularization of interchangeable parts, which was achieved through standardization and quality control. Through a contract he signed with the.

Design of goods and services What good or service should we offer? How should we design these products? Process and capacity design What process and what capacity will these products require? What equipment and technology are necessary for these processes?

Location strategy Where should we put the facility? On what criteria should we base the location decision? Layout strategy How should we arrange the facility? How large must the facility be to meet our plan?

How do we provide a reasonable work environment? How much can we expect our employees to produce? Supply chain management Should we make or buy this component? Who should be our suppliers, and how can we integrate them into our strategy? Current OM emphasis on quality and supply chain has increased job opportunities in these 10 areas. Plant Manager Division of Fortune company seeks plant manager for plant located in the Vancouver area.

This plant manufactures loading dock equipment for commercial markets. The candidate must be experienced in plant management including expertise in production planning, purchasing, and inventory management. Good written and oral communication skills are a must, along with excellent application of skills in managing people.

Business or I. This is a hands-on job and excellent opportunity for a team player with good people skills. West coast location. Some travel required. Quality Manager Several openings exist in our small package processing facilities in Montreal and Winnipeg for quality managers. These highly visible positions require extensive use of statistical tools to monitor all aspects of service, timeliness, and workload measurement.

The work involves 1 a combination of hands-on applications and detailed analysis using databases and spreadsheets, 2 process audits to identify areas for improvement, and 3 management of implementation of changes.

Positions involve night hours and weekends. Supply Chain Manager and Planner Responsibilities entail negotiating contracts and establishing long-term relationships with suppliers. We will rely on the selected candidate to maintain accuracy in the purchasing system, invoices, and product returns.

Working knowledge of MRP, ability to use feedback to master scheduling and suppliers and consolidate orders for best price and delivery are necessary. Knowledge of Oracle business systems is a plus. Effective verbal and written communication skills are essential.

Process Improvement Consultants An expanding consulting firm is seeking consultants to design and implement lean production and cycle time reduction plans in both service and manufacturing processes.

Our firm is currently working with an international bank to improve its back office operations, as well as with several manufacturing firms. Frederick W. Taylor , known as the father of scientific management, contributed to personnel selection, planning and scheduling, motion study, and the now popular field of ergo- nomics.

One of his major contributions was his belief that management should be much more resourceful and aggressive in the improvement of work methods. Taylor and his colleagues, Henry L.

Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, were among the first to systematically seek the best way to produce. Matching employees to the right job. Providing the proper training. Providing proper work methods and tools. Establishing legitimate incentives for work to be accomplished. By , Henry Ford and Charles Sorensen combined what they knew about standardized parts with the quasi-assembly lines of the meatpacking and mail-order industries and added the revolutionary concept of the assembly line, where men stood still and material moved.

Quality control is another historically significant contribution to the field of OM. Walter Shewhart combined his knowledge of statistics with the need for quality control and provided the foundations for statistical sampling in quality control. Edwards Deming believed, as did Frederick Taylor, that management must do more to improve the work environ- ment and processes so that quality can be improved.

Operations management will continue to progress with contributions from other disciplines, including industrial engineering and management science. These disciplines, along with statis- tics, management, and economics, contribute to improved models and decision making. Innovations from the physical sciences biology, anatomy, chemistry, and physics have also contributed to advances in OM.

These innovations include new adhesives, faster inte- grated circuits, gamma rays to sanitize food products, and higher-quality glass for LCD and plasma TVs. Innovation in products and processes often depends on advances in the physical sciences. Especially important contributions to OM have come from information technology, which we define as the systematic processing of data to yield information.

Information tech- nology�with wireless links, internet, and ecommerce�is reducing costs and accelerating communication. Decisions in operations management require individuals who are well versed in manage- ment science, in information technology, and often in one of the biological or physical sciences.

In this textbook, we look at the diverse ways a student can prepare for a career in operations management. Operations in the Service Sector Manufacturers produce a tangible product, while service products are often intangible. But many products are a combination of a good and a service, which complicates the definition of a ser- vice.

Even the Canadian government has trouble generating a consistent definition. Because definitions vary, much of the data and statistics generated about the service sector are incon- sistent. However, we define services as including repair and maintenance, government, food and lodging, transportation, insurance, trade, financial, real estate, education, law, medicine, entertainment, and other professional occupations.

We have not yet figured out how to inventory haircuts or appendectomies. Services are often difficult to standardize, automate, and make as efficient as we would like because customer interaction demands uniqueness. In fact, in many cases this uniqueness is what the customer is paying for; therefore, the oper- ations manager must ensure that the product is designed i. Product definition may be rigorous, as in the case of an auto insurance policy, but inconsistent because policyholders change cars and pol- icies mature.

The activities of the operations function are often very similar for both goods and services. For instance, both goods and services must have quality standards established, and both must be designed and processed on a schedule in a facility where human resources are employed. Having made the distinction between goods and services, we should point out that, in many cases, the distinction is not clear-cut.

In reality, almost all services and almost all goods are a mixture of a service and a tangible product. Even services such as consulting may require a tangible report. Similarly, the sale of most goods includes a service. For instance, many prod- ucts have the service components of financing and delivery e. Many also require after-sale training and maintenance e. Human resource activities, logistics, accounting, training, field service, and repair are all service activities, but they take place within a manufac- turing organization.

Counselling may be one of the exceptions. Until about , many Canadians were employed in agriculture. Increased agricultural productivity allowed peo- ple to leave the farm and seek employment in the city. Similarly, manufacturing employment has decreased in North America in the past 30 years. The Canadian market tends to follow U. The changes in U. Although the number of people employed in manufacturing has decreased since , each person is now producing almost 20 times more than in The huge productivity increases in.

Services Economic activities that typically produce an intangible product such as education, entertain- ment, lodging, government, financial, and health services. Consequently, much of the world can now enjoy the pleasures of education, health services, entertainment, and myriad other things that we call services.

Examples of firms and percentage of employment in the Canadian service sector are shown in Table 1. The table also provides employment percentages for the nonservice sectors of manufacturing, construction, utilities, agriculture, and mining on the bottom five lines. Operations managers in the maintenance facility of an airline are very. Service sector The segment of the economy that includes trade, financial, lodging, education, legal, medical, and other professional occupations.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, the accommodation and food services sectors followed by the arts, recreation, and entertainment sectors offer the lowest average weekly pay levels in Canada. New Challenges in Operations Management Operations managers work in an exciting and dynamic environment that is the result of a variety of challenging forces, from globalization of world trade to the transfer of ideas, products, and money at electronic speeds.

Similarly, resources in the form of capital, materials, talent, and labour are also now global. As a result, countries throughout the world are contributing to globalization as they vie for economic growth.

Operations managers are rapidly seeking creative designs, efficient production, and high-quality goods via international collaboration. And because suppliers may be able to contribute unique expertise, oper- ations managers are outsourcing and building long-term partnerships with critical players in the supply chain.

This means design- ing green products and packaging that minimize resource use, can be recycled or reused, and are generally environmentally friendly. OM is answering with new management structures, enhanced collaboration, digital tech- nology, and creative alliances that are more responsive and effective.

In a world where consumers are increas- ingly aware of innovation and options, substantial pressure is placed on firms to respond in a creative way. And OM must rapidly respond with product designs and flexible production processes that cater to the individual whims of consumers. The goal is to produce customized products, whenever and wherever needed.

Lean can be thought of as the driving force in a well-run operation, where the customer is satisfied, employees are respected, and waste does not exist. The theme of this text is to build organizations that are more efficient, where management creates enriched jobs that help employees engage in continuous improve- ment and where goods and services are produced and delivered when and where the customer desires them.

These ideas are captured in the phrase Lean. The Productivity Challenge The creation of goods and services requires changing resources into goods and services. The more efficiently we make this change, the more productive we are and the more value is added to the good or service provided.

Productivity is the ratio of outputs goods and services divided by the inputs resources, such as labour and capital see Figure 1. Improving productivity means improv- ing efficiency.

Efficiency means doing the job well�with a minimum of resources and waste. Note the distinction between being efficient, which implies doing the job well, and being effec- tive, which means doing the right thing. A job well done�say, by applying the 10 decisions of operations management�helps us be efficient; developing and using the correct strategy helps us be effective.

Productivity The ratio of outputs goods and services divided by one or more inputs such as labour, capital, or management. One of the reasons OM is such an exciting discipline is that an operations manager is confronted with ever-changing issues, from technology, to global supply chains, to sustainability.

This improvement can be achieved in two ways: reducing inputs while keeping output con- stant, or increasing output while keeping inputs constant. Both represent an improvement in productivity. In an economic sense, inputs are labour, capital, and management, which are inte- grated into a production system. Management creates this production system, which provides the conversion of inputs to outputs.

Outputs are goods and services, including such diverse items as guns, butter, education, improved judicial systems, and ski resorts. Production is the making of goods and services.

High production may imply only that more people are working and that employment levels are high low unemployment , but it does not imply high productivity. Only through increases in productivity can the standard of living improve. Moreover, only through increases in productivity can labour, capital, and management receive additional payments. If returns to labour, capital, or management are increased without increased productivity, prices rise.

On the other hand, downward pressure is placed on prices when productivity increases, because more is being produced with the same resources.

Since , labour productivity in Canada has experienced an annual rate of growth averaging approximately 1. An increase of one percentage point in this performance would almost double the annual growth rate to 2. Such a growth rate in labour productivity would mean that the average level of labour productivity in Canada would double every 32 years, not every 58 years as it will with a 1.

Productivity is a significant issue for the world and one that the operations manager is uniquely qualified to address. The measurement of productivity can be quite direct. Such is the case when productivity is measured by labour-hours per tonne of a specific type of steel. Although labour-hours are a common measure of input, other measures such as capital dollars invested , materials tonnes of ore , or energy kilowatts of electricity can be used.

It also evaluates customer satisfaction and sends signals to manag- ers controlling the inputs and transformation process. The use of just one resource input to measure productivity, as shown in Equation , is known as single-factor productivity. However, a broader view of productivity is multifac- tor productivity, which includes all inputs e.

Multifactor productivity is also known as total factor productivity. Multifactor productivity is calculated by combining the input units as shown here:. To aid in the computation of multifactor productivity, the individual inputs the denominator can be expressed in dollars and summed as shown in Example 2. Single-factor productivity Indicates the ratio of the goods and services produced outputs to one resource input.

Multifactor productivity Indicates the ratio of the goods and services produced outputs to many or all resources inputs. This sliced 8 seconds off the transaction time at the cash register. The scoop was too small. Redesign of the scoop provided the proper amount in one motion and cut 14 seconds off the average time of one minute.

Third were new espresso machines; with the push of a button, the machines grind coffee beans and brew. The savings: about 12 seconds per espresso shot. In the service industry, a 4. Collins processes and closes on eight titles each day. The new computerized title-search system will allow the processing of 14 titles per day.

Use of productivity measures aids managers in determining how well they are doing. But results from the two measures can be expected to vary. If labour productivity growth is entirely the result of capital spending, measuring just labour distorts the results.

Multifactor productivity is usually better but more complicated. Labour productivity is the more popular measure. The multifactor-productivity measures provide better information about the trade-offs among factors, but substantial measurement problems remain. Some of these measurement problems are:.

Quality may change while the quantity of inputs and outputs remains constant. Both are TVs, but few people would deny that the quality has improved.

The unit of measure�a TV�is the same, but the quality has changed. External elements may cause an increase or a decrease in productivity for which the system under study may not be directly responsible.

Precise units of measure may be lacking. Not all automobiles require the same inputs: Some cars are subcompacts; others are Turbo Porsches. Productivity measurement is particularly difficult in the service sector, where the end prod- uct can be hard to define. For example, economic statistics ignore the quality of your haircut, the outcome of a court case, or service at a retail store. In some cases, adjustments are made for the quality of the product sold but not for the quality of the sales presentation or the advantage of a broader product selection.

Productivity measurements require specific inputs and outputs, but a free economy is producing worth�what people want�which includes con- venience, speed, and safety.

Traditional measures of outputs may be a very poor measure of these other measures of worth. These three factors are critical to improved productivity. They represent the broad areas in which managers can take action to improve productivity. LABOUR Improvement in the contribution of labour to productivity is the result of a healthier, better-educated, and better-nourished labour force.

Some increase may also be attributed to a shorter work week. Three key variables for improved labour productivity are:. Basic education appropriate for an effective labour force. Diet of the labour force.

Social overhead that makes labour available, such as transportation and sanitation. Productivity variables The three factors critical to pro- ductivity improvement�labour, capital and management.

Labour productivity has increased from 0. The change is 0. Multifactor productivity has increased from 0. This change is 0. However, the multifactor measure provides a better picture of the increase because it includes all the costs connected with the increase in output.

Infrastructure that yields clean drinking water and sanitation is also an opportunity for improved productivity, as well as an opportunity for better health, in much of the world. In developed nations, the challenge becomes maintaining and enhancing the skills of labour in the midst of rapidly expanding technology and knowledge. Recent data suggest that the average American year-old knows significantly less mathematics than the average Japanese person of the same age, and about half cannot answer the questions in Figure 1.

Overcoming shortcomings in the quality of labour while other countries have a better labour force is a major challenge. Perhaps improvements can be found not only through increasing competence of labour but also via better utilized labour with a stronger commitment. Training, motivation, team building, and the human resource strategies discussed in Chapter 10, as well as improved education, may be among the many techniques that will contribute to increased labour productivity.

Improvements in labour productivity are possible; however, they can be expected to be increasingly difficult and expensive. Capital investment provides those tools. Capital investment has increased in Canada most years except during a few very severe recession peri- ods. Accumulated capital investment has increased in Canada at a compound annual growth rate of 4. Inflation and taxes increase the cost of capital, making capital investment increasingly expen- sive.

When the capital invested per employee drops, we can expect a drop in productivity. Using labour rather than capital may reduce unemployment in the short run, but it also makes econ- omies less productive and therefore lowers wages in the long run. Capital investment is often necessary but seldom sufficient in the battle for increased productivity. The trade-off between capital and labour is continually in flux.

Managers adjust their investment plans to changes in capital cost. Management is responsible for ensuring that labour and capital are effectively used to increase productivity. Management accounts for over half of the annual increase in productivity. This increase includes improvements made through the use of knowledge and the application of technology.

Using knowledge and technology is critical in postindustrial societies. Consequently, postin- dustrial societies are also known as knowledge societies. A knowledge society is one in which much of the labour force has migrated from manual work to technical and information-pro- cessing tasks requiring ongoing education. The required education and training are important high-cost items that are the responsibility of operations managers as they build organizations and workforces.

The expanding knowledge base of contemporary society requires that managers use technology and knowledge effectively. Knowledge society A society in which much of the labour force has migrated from manual work to work based on knowledge. More effective use of capital also contributes to productivity.

It falls to the operations man- ager, as a productivity catalyst, to select the best new capital investments as well as to improve the productivity of existing investments.

The productivity challenge is difficult. A country cannot be a world-class competitor with second-class inputs. Poorly educated labour, inadequate capital, and dated technology are sec- ond-class inputs. High productivity and high-quality outputs require high-quality inputs, includ- ing good operations managers. The traditional analytical framework of economic theory is based primarily on goods-producing activities.

Consequently, most published economic data relate to goods production. But the data do indicate that, as our contemporary service economy has increased in size, we have had slower growth in productivity. Productivity of the service sector has proven difficult to improve because service sector work is:. Typically labour intensive e.

Frequently focused on unique individual attributes or desires e. Often an intellectual task performed by professionals e. Often difficult to mechanize and automate e. Often difficult to evaluate for quality e. The effective use of capital often means finding the proper trade-off between investment in capital assets automation, left and human assets a manual process, right. While there are risks connected with any investment, the cost of capital and physical investments is fairly clear-cut, but the cost of employees has many hidden costs, including fringe benefits, social insurance, and legal constraints on hiring, employment, and termination.

Siemens, the multibillion-dollar German conglomer- ate, has long been known for its apprentice programs in its home country. Because education is often the key to efficient operations in a technological society, Siemens has spread its apprentice-training programs to its international plants.

These programs are laying the foundation for the highly skilled workforce that is essential for global competitiveness. The more intellectual and personal the task, the more difficult it is to achieve increases in pro- ductivity.

Low-productivity improvement in the service sector is also attributable to the growth of low-productivity activities in the service sector. These include activities not previously a part of the measured economy, such as child care, food preparation, house cleaning, and laundry service.

These activities have moved out of the home and into the measured economy as more and more women have joined the workforce.

Inclusion of these activities has probably resulted in lower measured productivity for the service sector, although, in fact, actual productivity has probably increased because these activities are now more efficiently produced than previously. However, in spite of the difficulty of improving productivity in the service sector, improve- ments are being made, and there are a multitude of ways to make these improvements.

Indeed, what can be done when management pays attention to how work actually gets done is astonishing! Although the evidence indicates that all industrialized countries have the same problem with service productivity, the United States remains the world leader in overall productivity and ser- vice productivity. Retailing is twice as productive in the United States as in Japan, where laws protect shopkeepers from discount chains.

The U. Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Sustainability Operations managers are subjected to constant changes and challenges. The systems they build to convert resources into goods and services are complex. The physical and social environments change, as do laws and values.

These changes present a variety of challenges that come from the conflicting perspectives of stakeholders such as customers, distributors, suppliers, owners, lenders, and employees. These stakeholders, as well as government agencies at various levels, require constant monitoring and thoughtful responses. Identifying ethical and socially responsible responses while building productive systems is not always clear-cut. Among the many ethical challenges facing operations managers are:.

Founded in by Glenn Bell, Taco Bell seeks compet- itive advantage via low cost. Like many other services, Taco Bell relies on its operations management to improve productivity and reduce cost. Its menu and meals are designed to be easy to pre- pare.

Taco Bell has shifted a substantial portion of food preparation to suppliers who can perform food processing more efficiently than a stand-alone restaurant. Ground beef is precooked prior to arrival and then reheated, as are many dishes that arrive in plastic boil bags for easy sanitary reheating. Similarly, tortillas arrive already fried and onions arrive prediced. Efficient layout and automa- tion has cut to eight seconds the time needed to prepare tacos and burritos and has cut time in the drive-through lines by one minute.

These advances have been combined with training and empowerment to increase the span of management from one supervisor for five restaurants to one supervisor for 30 or more.

The result is a store that can handle twice the volume with half the labour. In , Taco Bell completed the rollout of its new Grill- to-Order kitchens by installing water- and energy-saving grills that conserve over a billion litres of water and million kWh of electricity each year.

Hueter and W. Swart, Interfaces January�February : 75� Managers must do all of this in an ethical and socially responsible way while meeting the demands of the marketplace. The organization will use fewer resources, the employees will be committed, the market will be satisfied, and the ethical climate will be enhanced. Throughout this text, we note ways in which operations managers can take ethical and socially responsible actions while successfully addressing these challenges of the market.

We also conclude each chapter with an Ethical Dilemma exercise. The operations function creates goods and services. Much of the progress of oper- ations management has been made in the 20th century, but since the beginning of time, humankind has been attempting to improve its material well-being.

Operations managers are key players in the battle to improve productivity. As societies become increasingly affluent, more of their resources are devoted to services. In Canada, more than three-quarters of the workforce is employed in the service sector.

Productivity improvements are difficult to achieve, but operations managers are the primary vehicle for making improvements. The standard response is to perform an audit and then enhance controls so it does not happen again. In one such case, a year-old. Was the decision to hire the year-old ethical? Was the decision to terminate the year-old ethical? In operations management, balancing the interests of the various stakeholders associated with a company can be challenging at the best of times.

To add to the challenge, progressive organizations are now placing the needs of society high on the priority list and have de- clared their corporate social responsibility. Automotive parts manufacturer Magna International is an example of one of these companies.

Magna has publicly stated that it is committed to supporting the basic fabric of society through a number of programs, volunteer work, and charitable activities. This con- stitution strikes a balance between employees, investors,. Why should one study operations management?

Identify four people who have contributed to the theory and. Briefly describe the contributions of the four individuals identi-. Prepare a chart sim- ilar to Figure 1. Answer Question 4 for some other organization, perhaps an. What are the three basic functions of a firm? Name the 10 decision areas of operations management.

Canada, and indeed much of the world, has been described as a knowledge society. How does this affect productivity measure- ment and the comparison of productivity between Canada and other countries? Mass customization and rapid product development were iden- tified as current trends in modern manufacturing operations. What is the relationship, if any, between these trends?

Can you cite any examples? Productivity can be measured in a variety of ways, such as by labour, capital, energy, material usage, and so on. At Modern Lumber, Inc. He currently purchases logs per day, and each log requires three labour-hours to process.

If this is the case, he can increase his production to crates per logs. His labour-hours will increase by eight hours per day. What will be the impact on productivity measured in crates per labour-hour if the buyer is hired? Using current productivity 0. Art Binley has decided to look at his productivity from a multi- factor total factor productivity perspective refer to Solved Problem 1. To do so, he has determined his labour, capital, energy, and material usage and decided to use dollars as the com- mon denominator.

His total labour-hours are now per day and. That is, 0. John and his three employees invest a total of 40 hours per day making boxes. If they can increase the rate to boxes per day, what will be their new productivity?

On a recent day, valves were pro- duced during an eight-hour shift. What is the new labour productivity per labour-hour? To accomplish this, each labourer at the Saskatoon plant will work hours per month. If the labour pro- ductivity at the plant is 0. She is currently working a total of five hours per day to produce care packages.

With recent increases in his costs, he has a newfound interest in efficiency. Eric is interested in determining the productivity of his organization.

He has the following data representing a month from last year and an equivalent month this year:. Show the productivity percentage change for each category, and then determine the improvement for labour-hours, the typical stand- ard for comparison.

Upton makes tires per day with the following resources:. You have the following data to work with:. The manager, Peter Cunningham, is interested in obtaining a measure of overall performance.

You have assembled the follow- ing data. Resource inputs were: labour, 10 hours; suspension and engine modification kits; and energy, kilowatt-hours. What do you tell Cunningham? Due to increased demand, plant managers have decided to operate three eight-hour shifts instead.

The plant is now able to produce boxes per day. On far too many occasions, customers have not been able to purchase the bread of their choice. Because of the size of the store, no new ovens can be added. At a staff meeting, one employee suggested ways to load the ovens differently so that more loaves of bread can be baked at one time. This new process will require that the ovens be loaded by hand, requiring additional manpower.

This is the only thing to be changed. If the bakery makes loaves per month with a labour productivity of 2. Hint: Each employee works hours per month. Marjatta Viitasalo can also improve the yield by purchasing a new blender.

The new blender will mean an increase in her investment. Which is the better decision? What will be the percent increase or decrease? The labour productivity at this plant is known to have been 0. The job shop employs eight workers. During the first week of March, each worker worked 45 hours. Together, they produced a batch of garments.

What was the labour productivity, in dollars per labour-hour, at this job shop during the first week of March? National Air Express is a competitive air-express firm with offices around the country. Mohammed Chaudry, the Ottawa station manager, is preparing his quarterly budget report, which will be presented at the Eastern regional meeting next week. He is very concerned about adding capital expense to the operation when busi- ness has not increased appreciably.

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