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06.06.2021, adminIndian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent [1] from BC [2] until the end of the 18th century. The decimal number system in use today [3] was first recorded in Indian mathematics. Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskritusually consisted of a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student.
This was followed by a second section consisting of a prose commentary sometimes question answer math in hindi ideas commentaries by different scholars that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution.
In the prose section, the form and therefore its memorization was not considered so important as the ideas involved. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscriptdiscovered in in the village of Bakhshalinear Peshawar modern day Pakistan and is likely from the 7th century CE. A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and arc tangent by mathematicians of the Kerala school in the 15th century CE.
Their remarkable work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series apart from geometric series.
Excavations at HarappaMohenjo-daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation have uncovered evidence of the use of "practical mathematics". The people question answer math in hindi ideas the Indus Valley Civilization manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportionconsidered favourable for the stability of a brick structure.
They mass-produced weights in regular geometrical shapes, which included hexahedrabarrelsconesand cylindersthereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry. The inhabitants of Indus civilisation also tried to standardise measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler�the Mohenjo-daro ruler �whose unit of length approximately 1. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.
Question answer math in hindi ideas cylindrical objects made of shell and found at Lothal BCE and Dholavira are demonstrated to have the ability to measure angles in a plane, as well as to determine question answer math in hindi ideas position of stars for navigation. The religious texts of the Vedic Period provide evidence for the use of large numbers. The solution to partial fraction was known to the Rigvedic People as states in the purush Sukta RV The Satapatha Brahmana ca.
The altars were required to be constructed of five layers of burnt brick, with the further condition that each layer consist of bricks and that no two adjacent layers have congruent arrangements of bricks. According to Hayaship. They contain lists of Pythagorean triples[26] which are particular cases question answer math in hindi ideas Diophantine equations.
Baudhayana c. The expression is accurate up to five decimal places, the true value being 1. According to mathematician S. Dani, the Babylonian cuneiform tablet Plimpton written ca. As the main objective of the Sulvasutras was to describe the constructions of altars and the geometric principles involved in them, the subject of Pythagorean triples, even if it had been well understood may still not have featured in the Sulvasutras.
The occurrence of the triples in the Sulvasutras is comparable to mathematics that one may encounter in an introductory book on architecture or another similar applied Question Answer Math In Hindi Expressions area, question answer math in hindi ideas would not correspond directly to the overall knowledge on the topic at that time.
Since, unfortunately, no other contemporaneous sources have been found it may never be possible to settle this issue satisfactorily.
In all, three Sulba Sutras were composed. The remaining two, the Manava Sulba Sutra composed by Manava fl. His grammar includes early use of Boolean logicof the question answer math in hindi ideas operator, and of context free grammarsand includes a precursor of the Backus�Naur form used in the description programming languages. There is evidence that in his work on the enumeration of syllabic combinations, Pingala stumbled question answer math in hindi ideas both Pascal's triangle and binomial coefficientsalthough he did not have knowledge of the binomial theorem.
Draw a square. Beginning at half the square, draw two other similar squares below it; below these two, three other squares, and so on.
The marking should be started by putting 1 in the first square. Put 1 in each of the two squares of the second line. In the third line put 1 in the two squares at the ends and, in the middle square, the sum of the digits in the two squares lying above it. In the fourth line put 1 in the two squares at the ends. In the middle ones put the sum of the digits in the two squares above. Proceed in question answer math in hindi ideas way. Of these lines, the second gives the combinations with one syllable, the third the combinations with two syllables, The text also indicates that Pingala was aware of the combinatorial identity: [39].
He wrote the Katyayana Sulba Sutrawhich presented much geometryincluding the general Pythagorean theorem and a computation of the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places.
Although Jainism is a religion and philosophy predates its most famous exponent, the great Mahaviraswami 6th century BCEmost Jain texts on mathematical topics were composed after the 6th century BCE.
Jain mathematicians are important historically as crucial links between the mathematics of the Vedic period and that of the "classical period. A significant historical contribution of Jain mathematicians lay in their freeing Indian mathematics from its religious and ritualistic constraints.
In particular, their fascination with the enumeration of very large numbers and infinities led them to classify numbers into three classes: enumerable, innumerable and infinite. Not content with a simple notion of infinity, their texts define five different types of infinity: the infinite in one direction, the infinite in two directions, the infinite in area, the infinite everywhere, and the infinite perpetually.
In addition, Jain mathematicians devised notations for simple powers and exponents of numbers like squares and cubes, which enabled them to define simple algebraic equations beejganita samikaran.
Jain mathematicians were apparently also the first to use the word shunya literally void in Sanskrit to refer to zero. More than a millennium later, their appellation became the English word "zero" after a tortuous journey of translations and transliterations from India to Europe. See Zero: Etymology. Important Jain mathematicians included Bhadrabahu d. Memorisation and recitation was also used to transmit philosophical and literary works, as well as treatises on ritual and grammar.
Modern scholars of ancient India have noted the "truly remarkable achievements of the Indian pandits who have preserved enormously bulky texts orally for millennia. Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian question answer math in hindi ideas in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity.
The texts were subsequently "proof-read" by comparing the different recited versions. Extreme brevity was achieved through multiple means, which included using question answer math in hindi ideas "beyond the tolerance of natural language," [44] using technical names instead of longer descriptive names, abridging lists by only mentioning the first and last entries, and using markers and variables.
The domestic fire-altar in the Vedic period was required by ritual to have a square base and be constituted of five layers of bricks with 21 bricks in each layer. One method of constructing the altar was to divide one side of the square into three equal parts using a cord or rope, to next divide the transverse or perpendicular side into seven equal parts, and thereby sub-divide the square into 21 congruent rectangles. The bricks were then designed to be of the shape of the constituent rectangle and the layer was created.
To form the next layer, the same formula was used, but the bricks were arranged transversely. After dividing the quadri-lateral in seven, one divides the transverse [cord] in. In another layer one places question answer math in hindi ideas [bricks] North-pointing. According to Filliozatp. All these inferences are made by the officiant as he recalls the formula Class 9 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer In Hindi Live from his memory. With the increasing complexity of mathematics and other exact sciences, both writing and computation were required.
Consequently, many mathematical works began to be written down in manuscripts that were then copied and re-copied from generation to generation. India today is estimated to have about thirty million manuscripts, the largest body of handwritten reading material anywhere in the world.
The literate culture of Indian science goes back to at least the fifth century B. It was probably a matter of style of exposition. The students then worked through Question Answer Math In Hindi Sites the topics of the prose commentary by writing and drawing diagrams on chalk- and dust-boards i. The latter activity, a staple of mathematical work, was to later prompt mathematician-astronomer, Brahmagupta fl. It is well known that the decimal place-value system in use today was first recorded in India, then transmitted to the Islamic world, and eventually to Europe.
Both scripts had question answer math in hindi ideas symbols and numeral systems, which were initially not based on a place-value.
The earliest surviving evidence of decimal place value numerals in India and southeast Asia is from the middle of the first millennium CE.
There are older textual sources, although the extant manuscript copies of these texts are from much later dates. A third decimal representation was employed in a verse composition technique, later labelled Bhuta-sankhya literally, "object numbers" used by early Sanskrit authors of technical books. It has been hypothesized that the Indian decimal place value system was based on the symbols used on Chinese counting boards from as early as the middle of the first millennium BCE.
These counting boards, like the Indian counting pits, Indians may well have learned of these decimal place value "rod numerals" from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims or other travelers, or they may have developed the concept independently from their earlier non-place-value system; no documentary evidence survives to confirm question answer math in hindi ideas conclusion. Of unknown authorship and now preserved in the Bodleian Library in Oxford Universitythe manuscript has been variously dated�sometimes as early as the "early centuries of the Christian era.
The surviving manuscript has seventy leaves, some of which are in fragments. Its mathematical content consists of rules and examples, written in verse, together with prose commentaries, which include solutions to the examples. In addition, there is a handful of geometric problems including problems about volumes of irregular solids.
The Bakhshali manuscript also "employs a decimal question answer math in hindi ideas value system with a dot for zero.
One example from Fragment IIIv is the following:. One merchant has seven asava horses, a second has nine haya horses, and a third has ten camels. They are equally well off in the value of their animals if each gives two animals, one to each of the.
Find the price of each animal and the total value for the animals possessed by each merchant. The prose commentary accompanying the example solves the problem by converting it to three under-determined equations in four unknowns and assuming that the prices are all integers. Inthree samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from question answer math in hindi ideas different centuries: from AD, AD, and AD.
It is not known how fragments from different centuries came to be packaged. This period is often known as the golden age of Indian Mathematics. Their contributions would spread to Asia, the Middle East, and eventually to Europe. Unlike Vedic mathematics, their works included both astronomical and mathematical contributions. As explained earlier, the main texts were composed in Sanskrit verse, and were followed by prose commentaries.
Though its authorship is unknown, the Surya Siddhanta c. This ancient text uses the following as trigonometric functions for the first time: [ citation needed ].
 Sankhyaon se Khelna Worksheet.PNG)
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