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17.07.2021, admin
In my recent post on the Nile Boat Races of the s and early s, I was rather dubious about some of the attempts by the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism to draw parallels between modern rowing races and those allegedly held in Ancient Egypt. Although his field of expertise is Ancient Rome, the rather better informed Professor Boris Ravkov was less cynical:. The River Nile runs for miles north-south along the whole length of the country and it provided Egypt not only with famously fertile soil but also with fast and easy transportation of goods and people.
As the Nile flowed northwards and the wind blew southwards, many boats had both oars and sails, enabling a craft going to the Nile delta to row downriver with the current, and then to return by hoisting the sail and letting the wind do the work. Thus, boats were a vital part of ancient Egyptian life and this meant that they were also of enormous symbolic value in religious belief.
Boats were one of the primary means by which the Gods themselves traversed the heavens and the underworld, while on earth their images were carried from temple to temple in such vessels. Boats also carried the dead from this world to the next. In common with many civilisations, the Ancient Egyptians believed that the dead had to cross a stretch of water to reach the afterlife. The spiritual importance of boats explains, for example, the unlikely rowing abilities attributed to Amenhotep II, the Pharaoh who ruled Egypt c.
An inscribed limestone slab records that Amenhotep was extraordinarily strong and a great sportsman, supreme at horse-riding, archery and rowing:. Strong of arms, untiring when he took the oar, he rowed at the stern of his boat as the stroke-oar for two hundred men. He stopped and landed his boat only after he had done three miles of rowing without interrupting his stroke. Faces shone as they saw him do this. How did the Egyptians propel boats that were not under sail?
As more expensive and sophisticated boats came to be made of wood perhaps imported cedar from Lebanon and grew larger, different methods of propulsion were needed. Jones explains the paddling stroke thus:. The stroke was not simultaneous, but each man dipped his blade in the water a fraction of a second behind the man in front�. Jones notes that the oar was suspended in a loop or grommet of leather over the side and was held in a double-handed grip:.
The oarsman started his stroke in a standing position, then reached well forward and threw his weight back on the oars simultaneously taking up a seating position on the crossbench. Towards the end of the stroke, the hands were pushed downwards and the blade of the oar brought slowly out of the water before the stroke was recommended. Because of the wear and tear that such a technique inflicted on his clothing, the rower wore a network garment with a square leather patch on the seat over his kilt to protect the fabric from the continuous chafing.
In , CD Jarrett-Bell produced a different theory about the recovery: that the oars were turned sideways on the return stroke and they never left the water, resulting in a short, choppy stroke.
One advantage of this kind of stroke is that it gives additional room inboard, which is an important consideration if the cargo was carried on deck.
Another theory, however, suggests that the oarsmen actually stood closer to the centre of the deck giving them better leverage and that the Egyptian artists simply gave the impression of foreshortening. However, because two or more theories contradict each other, it does not mean that only one can be correct. Thus, any generalisations about the Ancient Egyptian stroke or the Ancient Egyptian anything are likely to be inaccurate.
Things change over years and different ways of propelling boats could have existed together or at different times. There is certainly evidence that, in some boats, the oarsmen remained standing throughout the stroke cycle, and Rowboat On A Sailing Ship Version in others, they remained seated.
An example of fixed seat rowing may be in a model silver boat found in the tomb of the Queen Ahhotep c. Interestingly, we do have some modern empirical evidence about standing rowing on an Ancient Egyptian craft. In , marine archaeologist Cheryl Ward and a crew of 24 took a replica of a foot-long, 16 foot-wide boat of the 18th Dynasty BC down the Red Sea coast. Despite our inexperience, we reached 2.
Nonetheless, rowing was not a primary propulsion strategy for a ton ship with such a small crew� Instead, we focused on sailing. However, looking at the pictures below, perhaps Ward gave the oars too short an inboard � meaning that they would have been difficult to pull effectively.
If the oars had been longer from the rowlock to the end of the handle, probably with the oarsmen standing further away from the rowlock, and with something for the rowers to brace their feet against or even seats to use for part of the stroke more effective rowing may have been achieved. A final thought on the place of boats in Ancient Egypt. You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Google account. You are commenting using your Twitter account.
You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. This is rowing, not paddling, the oar on the right is clearly shown in a rowlock. The boat is being rowed, so it is going north. The mast is down, ready to be raised and rigged for the return journey south.
Such models, entombed with the dead, did not merely depict daily life in Egypt but were items that would sustain the deceased in the afterlife. Picture: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
The most important divine vessel was the Barge of Ra which crossed the sky each day as the sun. This is a coffin decoration from the 21st Dynasty BC. Egyptian Museum, CG The spiritual importance of boats explains, for example, the unlikely rowing abilities attributed to Amenhotep II, the Pharaoh who ruled Egypt c. An inscribed limestone slab records that Amenhotep was extraordinarily strong and a great sportsman, supreme at horse-riding, archery and rowing: Strong of arms, untiring when he took the oar, he rowed at the stern of his boat as the stroke-oar for two hundred men.
Some suggest that he is the Pharaoh of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. Jones explains the paddling stroke thus: the paddler first raised his blade above his head and then leaned over the side to reach the water which required great stamina.
The stroke was not simultaneous, but each man dipped his blade in the water a fraction of a second behind the man in front� Rowing, when the oar works around a fulcrum, was a later development than paddling. The artist shows the oarsmen rowing while the sail is unfurled � though this seems an unlikely thing to do.
A sailing boat was the hieroglyph for travelling south, while a boat without a sail was the hieroglyph for travelling north. Jones notes that the oar was suspended in a loop or grommet of leather over the side and was held in a double-handed grip: The oarsman started his Rowboat On A Sailing Ship 00 stroke in a standing position, then reached well forward and threw his weight back on the oars simultaneously taking up a seating position on the crossbench.
In Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant , Shelley Wachsmann notes that: One advantage of this kind of stroke is that it gives additional room inboard, which is an important consideration if the cargo was carried on deck. This picture of the model taken from the side better shows what looks like the mid-point of a body swing. However, as in all studies of history, we need to be careful not to impose the interpretation that we would like for whatever reason to have proven.
Too short an inboard on the oars? Share this: Twitter Facebook. Like this: Like Loading One comment This was a really interesting and informative read! Leave a Reply Cancel reply Enter your comment here Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:. Email required Address never made public. Name required. Add your thoughts here Email Required Name Required Website.
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