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How ship technology is evolving in the 21st century

Navigationscience of directing a craft by determining its positioncourse, and distance traveled. Navigation is concerned with finding the way to the desired destination, avoiding collisions, conserving fuel, and meeting schedules. Early mariners who embarked on voyages of exploration gradually developed systematic methods of observing and recording their position, the distances and directions they traveled, the currents of wind and water, and the hazards and havens they encountered.

The facts accumulated in their journals made it possible for them to find their way home and for them or their successors to repeat and extend their exploits. Each successful landfall became a signpost along a route that could be retraced and integrated into a growing body of reliable information. For these pathfinders, the danger of running into another vessel was small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology, but, as traffic expanded along established routes, collision avoidance became a concern.

Emphasis shifted from finding the way to maintaining safe distances between craft moving in various directions at different speeds. Larger ships are easier to see but require more time to change speed or direction. When many ships are in a small area, an evasive action taken to avoid a collision may endanger other ships.

This problem has been alleviated near busy seaports by confining incoming and outgoing ships to separate lanes, which are clearly marked and divided by the greatest practical distance. Ground-based air traffic controllers are charged with the responsibility for assigning aircraft to selected paths that minimize the likelihood of collision. Civil air navigation is profoundly influenced by the requirements of small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology the instructions of these controllers.

In particular, beyond a certain safety factor, small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology excess fuel needlessly reduces cargo capacity. Adherence to a predetermined schedule, a matter of vital small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology in space navigation in connection with fuel consumption, has become important in sea and air navigation for a different reason.

Today each voyage or flight is a single link in a coordinated network of transport that carries people and goods from any starting place to any chosen destination. The efficient operation of the whole system depends upon assurance that each journey will begin and end at the specified times. Modern navigation, in short, has to do with a globally integrated transportation system in which each voyage from small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology to finish is concerned with four basic objectives: staying on course, avoiding collisions, minimizing fuel consumption, and conforming to an established timetable.

The earliest navigators probably learned to steer their ships between distant ports by familiarizing themselves with the sequences of intervening landmarks. This everyday visual approach to navigation is called piloting.

Keeping these reference points in view required that they stay quite close to shore, but they made the transition to ocean voyages well out of sight of land thousands of years ago in various parts of the world. Regular trade was carried on between the island of Crete and Egypt, a distance of approximately miles kmmore than 25 centuries before the Christian era.

A passage in the Odyssey describes such a voyage from Crete: running before a north wind, sailing ships reached the mouth of the Nile in five days. Longer and longer routes became established by later sailors. By bc the Phoenicians were routinely importing tin from Cornwall in the British Isles. Well before the 10th century adIrish seafarers successively reached the Shetland Islands, the Faeroe Islandsand Iceland, crossing to miles to km of the North Atlantic at each stage.

The Vikings repeated those passages and small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology even farther, settling Greenland and visiting North America.

By about adPolynesian navigators had reached Hawaii from the Marquesas Islands2, miles 3, km across the open Pacific. The details of how these voyagers found their way are not known, but the use of the Sun and stars as guides is mentioned in many sources, including the works of Homer and Herodotusthe Bible, small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology the Norse sagas.

East and west are traditionally synonymous with the directions of sunrise and sunset; north and south are determined by the directions of shadows cast by the noonday Sun.

For many centuries practical navigators oriented themselves by relying just as strongly on meteorological clues the directions from which steady winds blew as on astronomical ones the positions and apparent motions of the Sun and stars.

The Mediterranean sailor could confidently distinguish the cold north wind from the warm south wind. Names were assigned to eight principal winds, and the directions of these winds became the eight equally spaced points small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology the wind rose rosa ventorum of the Classical mariner.

The wind rose may have been devised by the Etruscans, whose power reached its peak around the 6th century bc ; it certainly antedates the octagonal Tower of the Winds built in Athens by Andronicus of Cyrrhus about bc. From Roman times through the Middle Ages, an alternative point wind rose was used by some navigators, but it was discarded in the 15th century when the Portuguese, at the opening of the great age of discovery, subdivided the eight points of the ancients and introduced a point.

The first written aid to coastal navigation was the pilot book, or periplus, in which the courses to be steered between ports were set forth in terms of wind directions.

These books, of which examples survive from the 4th century bcdescribed routes, headlands, landmarks, anchorages, currents, and port entrances. No doubt the same information had formerly been passed along by word of mouth, as it still is in some parts of the world. Reliable sea charts were not introduced until the advent of the magnetic compass and of methods for determining latitude and longitude. This technique was eventually replaced by that in which the log, attached to a reel of light line, was dropped from the stern; as the ship moved away from the log, the length of line paid out during the emptying of a sandglass was the measure of the speed.

In the United Kingdom a nautical mile is defined as 6, feet Small Boats Navigating In Shipping Lanes 2020 1, metres. In the United States switched from the English standard to the metric, or international, standard of 1, metres 6, feet. With the international standard nautical mile, knots were spaced about As early as an English instrument maker, Humphry Cole, invented the so-called patent log, in which a vaned rotor was towed from the stern, and its revolutions were counted on a register.

Logs of this kind did not become common until the midth century, when the register small boats navigating in shipping lanes technology mounted on the aft rail, where it could be read at any time; another Englishman, Thomas Walker, introduced successive refinements of the patent log beginning in This form of log is still in use. Navigation Article Media Additional Info.

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Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. National Geographic - Navigation. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Jones See All Contributors Navigation consultant. See Article History. Officers on a passenger ship using charts for navigation. Britannica Quiz. Explorers and Explorations Part Two Quiz.

Which English admiral circumnavigated the globe? Who initiated the Age of Discovery that began in the 15th century? Board this quiz and set sail for a distant land of knowledge about explorers and explorations of all kinds.

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Be aware that a long blast indicates the ferry is leaving the dock. How to Navigate a Boat Decide on your method: electronic navigation or traditional analog navigation. Featuring 3 free-standing sails, the ship is designed using similar technology to that being deployed by B9 with supplementary power coming from diesel-electric engines. Go boldly, tell your story. NYK plans to deliver this vessel to market by Large vessels and barges have special problems in maneuvering and cannot and will not get out of your way. Fatal accidents have occurred when vessels have attempted to pass over or under these cables while the ferry was in operation.

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