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Burton Waters Ipswich. The UK's number one marketplace for boats and yachts! Boats for Sale. Advertise your boat. How do I sell my boat? How much is my boat worth? Boat news. Boat advice. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries. The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft.

With a wingspan of Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter. When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle.

A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines and electric motors to power the vehicle.

The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an electric battery set. There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains , from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid , which offer varying advantages and disadvantages. William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early , and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid In , Henri Pieper developed the world's first petro-electric hybrid automobile.

In , Ferdinand Porsche developed a series-hybrid using two motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two-speed records.

His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to Used Outboard Motor For Sale Near Me 20 this original design, and the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website. The plug-in-electric-vehicle PEV is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house mains electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running.

Some battery electric vehicles can be recharged while the user drives. Such a vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate, or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanisms see conduit current collection. The vehicle's batteries are recharged by this process�on the highway�and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged.

For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation.

Developing an infrastructure for battery electric vehicles would provide the advantage of virtually unrestricted highway range. Since many destinations are within km of a major highway, Used Outboard Motor For Sale Near Me Up this technology could reduce the need for expensive battery systems. However, private use of the existing electrical system is almost universally prohibited. Besides, the technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed see Conduit current collection , trams , electric rail , trolleys , third rail.

Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes. In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion , some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types " fuels " using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:.

Hydraulic hybrid and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine or regenerative braking or both to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic liquid or pneumatic compressed gas drive units.

In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator.

A French company, MDI , has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders.

Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity.

Although petro-hydraulic hybrid technology has been known for decades and used in trains as well as very large construction vehicles, the high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars.

In the modern sense, an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic hybrid road vehicles in A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the-shelf components.

In the s, a team of engineers working at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel a typical American sedan car.

The accumulator vessel size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than an electric battery set. Any vehicle space consumed by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size. Research is underway in large corporations and small companies.

The focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids. The BMW i, gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3, cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive.

The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator.

A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle.

All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car.

The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving the wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminate the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, driveshafts, and U-joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes is used in industrial vehicles. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator.

A small fossil-fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator that will produce a mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive.

In January industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In an existing production minivan was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Another form of a hybrid vehicle are the human-powered electric vehicles.

These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5 , Twike , electric bicycles , electric skateboards , and Electric motorcycles and scooters. In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together.

Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged.

While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation Honda Insight. In a power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple planetary gear set.

The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the batteries. On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example, to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions.

A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient.

There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The Fisker Karma was the first series-hybrid production vehicle.

When describing cars, the battery of a series-hybrid is usually charged by being plugged in - but a series-hybrid may also allow for a battery to only act as a buffer and for regeneration purposes , and for the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by a supporting engine. Series arrangements have been common in diesel-electric locomotives and ships.

Ferdinand Porsche effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a wheel hub motor design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric transmission , as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission.

The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. In Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. Using supercapacitors they claim up to mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.

Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric parallel or serial hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a lithium-ion battery , which allows the vehicle to drive on all-electric mode a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout series or parallel.

It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine. This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding � or at least minimizing � the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in CO 2 terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.

Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists.

A National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined hybrid electric vehicle accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving internal combustion engine vehicles ICEV. The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle.

For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight. Several automakers developed electric vehicle warning sounds designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of electric drive vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and all-electric vehicles EVs travelling at low speeds.

Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in all-electric mode. The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles ICEVs , resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:. Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include:.

These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting, and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles.

For continuous high-speed highway use, these features are much less useful in reducing emissions. Hybrid vehicle emissions today are getting close to or even lower than the recommended level set by the EPA Environmental Protection Agency.

The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5. The three most popular hybrid vehicles, Honda Civic , Honda Insight and Toyota Prius , set the standards even higher by producing 4.

More fossil fuel is needed to build hybrid vehicles than conventional cars but reduced emissions when running the vehicle more than outweigh this.

However, hybrid CO 2 emissions have often been understated. In one study using real-world driving data, it was shown they use on average g of CO 2 per km instead of the 44g per km in the official tests.

Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Some are far more toxic than others. Lithium ion is the least toxic of the two mentioned above. The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries�the type currently used in hybrids�are much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium according to one source.

The lithium-ion battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in hybrid electric vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development. In addition to its smaller size and lighter weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver performance that helps to protect the environment with features such as improved charge efficiency without memory effect.

There are two different levels of charging. Level two is a faster method; existing Level 2 equipment offers charging from V or V at up to 80 A, It may require dedicated equipment and a connection installation for home or public units, although vehicles such as the Tesla have the power electronics on board and need only the outlet.

Three important factors�distance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge [82] In order for the hybrid to run on electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to generate some electricity.

The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. In , hybrid electric car batteries can run on solely electricity for 70� miles � km on a single charge.

Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0. There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars. Nearly all the rare-earth elements in the world come from China, [87] and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia are currently under development; [88] however, the barriers to entry are high [89] and require years to go online.

Hybrids-Electric vehicles HEVs combine the advantage of gasoline engines and electric motors. The key areas for efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual power sources, and less idling. Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy Used Row Boat For Sale Near Me Pdf sources than fossil fuel.

Another option is to use alternative Used 50 Hp Outboard For Sale Near Me Quote fuel composition i. Other approaches include personal rapid transit , a public transportation concept that offers automated on-demand non-stop transportation, on a network of specially built guideways. With combined effort from many car companies, the Hybrid industry has sold millions of Hybrids. Hybrid car companies like Toyota, Honda, Ford, and BMW have pulled together to create a movement of Hybrid vehicle sales pushed by Washington lobbyists to lower the world's emissions and become less reliant on our petroleum consumption.

In , sales went beyond , Hybrids, but in retrospect that only reduced the global use for gasoline consumption by , gallons per day � a tiny fraction of the million gallons used per day. Fuel continues to represent a small part of the overall cost of owning and operating a personal vehicle".

Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely inaccurate. Hybrid car companies have a long time to go if they expect to really go green. According to Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt states "managing products" and "meeting customers' needs", "you must adapt to consumer expectations and anticipation of future desires.

This "green myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness. Researchers and analysts say people are drawn to the new technology, as well as the convenience of fewer fill-ups.

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