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Glossary of Boat building Terms

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Many of the functions of small craft have changed little over time, and their shapes and proportions have gradually evolved. As for construction methods, however, the last fifty years have seen changes more revolutionary than had occurred for many centuries. Using contemporary consttruction, designers of

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Deck Beams � timbers running athwartships connecting the top of each set of frames to prevent the hull from spreading apart and to support the deck. Carlins � fore and aft support deck beams which which support the outside of openings in the deck for cockpits, cabins, hatches. Breasthook � triangular piece of reinforcing wood connecting the front end of each of the port and starboard Clamps to the Stem front end of the Keel.

Quarter Knees � reinforcing wood that connects the trailing edge of each Clamp to the Transom and Deadwood. Boatbuilding Heritage Society of B. Skip to content. Wooden Boat Terminology Keel � the underside fore-aft backbone of the boat running at the very bottom of the structure and usually the heaviest timber Horn Timber � the aft part of the Keel connecting between the Ballast and the Transom Deadwood � A filler piece between the Keel and the lead Ballast at the bottom of keel appendage Frames also incorrectly called Ribs � the vertical timbers than run in opposing pairs at regular intervals along the Keel making up the sides of the boat and providing the hull shape Floors � timbers running over the Keel to connect each set of Frames to each other and to the Keel.

Maul Fig. A heavy wood or iron hammer, primarily used to drive large bolts. Stern construction: a stern framing of an eighteenth-century brig; b partial side view of the same stern near the post; c partial top view of the same stern; d lower stern framing of a galleon; e alternate stern details; and f one form of skeg installation on a small sloop.

A thick plank separating the bottom, or lower ship , of a Viking hull from its sides. Either rectangular or L-shaped in cross-section, p. The intersection of a vertical line drawn through the center of gravity of a vessel when it is stable with a vertical line drawn through its center of buoyancy when the vessel is heeled.

Midship [Midships]. A contraction of amidships and consequently, in a general sense, it refers to the middle of the ship. In construction, however, it is often used as an adjective referring to the broadest part of the hull, wherever it may be.

Midship beam Fig. The longest beam in a vessel, located at or near the midship bend. Midship bend Fig. The broadest part of the hull; the widest body shape, formed by the centerline of the midship frame. Midship flat [Midship body, Midsection, Midship section]. The extent of the broadest part of the hull, formed by the midship frame and all adjacent frames of the same breadth. Midship frame Fig. The broadest frame in the hull; the frame representing the midship shape on the body plan.

Arrangements likely to be encountered on shipwrecks: a crutches brace the foremast step on the Revolutionary War privateer Defence ; b a mainmast step of the type used on very large eighteenth-century warships; c one of a variety of methods for stepping a mizzenmast; d bowsprits of smaller vessels were sometimes stepped above deck in a broad sampson post as illustrated, or between pairs of riding bitts just below deck; e the bowsprit of a large eighteenth-century warship; and f an athwartships view of the forward surface of the same step, showing its two-piece construction.

Two bend molds and a hollow mold are fitted together to form a compound mold or half of a square frame. Individual molds, probably representing futtocks of frame M, are numbered in Roman numerals. Redrawn from old notebook sketches. Mold [Mould] Fig. A pattern used to determine the shapes of frames and other compass timbers. Molds were usually made from thin, flexible pieces of wood. Convex molds were called bend molds , concave molds were p.

The degree of bevel and other pertinent information was written on the molds. The process of shaping outer frame surfaces with molds was known as beveling. Figure G illustrates several types of molds. See also Whole molding. Molded [Molded dimension]. The various dimensions of timbers as seen from the sheer and body views of construction plans; the dimensions determined by the molds.

Thus, the vertical surfaces the sides of keels, the fore-and-aft sides of the posts, the vertical or athwartships surfaces of frames, etc. Normally, timbers are expressed in sided and molded dimensions, while planks and wales are listed in thicknesses and widths. Molded and sided dimensions are used because of the changing orientation of timbers, such as p.

Molded depth. The depth of a hull, measured between the top of the upper deck beams at the side and a line parallel to the top of the keel.

Mold loft. A protected area or building in a shipyard where the hull lines, from which the molds were produced, were drawn full size on a specially prepared flat surface. Mortise Fig. A cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon.

Large mortises were sometimes referred to as steps. Mortise-and-tenon joint Fig. A union of planks Wood Used For Boat Construction Quantum or timbers by which a projecting piece tenon was fitted into one or more cavities mortises of corresponding size. The most common types are:. Fixed tenon and single mortise Fig. A tenon was shaped from the end on one timber and inserted into the mortise of the other. When the tenon of a large vertical timber was left unlocked, as in masts, and sternposts, it was said to be stepped.

Free tenon and two mortises Fig. The most common method of edge-joining planking in ancient and early medieval vessels in the Mediterranean area, it also was used to secure adjoining surfaces of parallel timbers, such as stems and floor timber chocks.

Corresponding mortises were cut into each planking edge; a single hardwood tenon was inserted into the lower plank and the adjacent plank fitted over the protruding tenon. In many instances, the joint was locked by driving tapered hardwood pegs into holes drilled near each strake or timber edge.

Free tenon and three or more mortises Fig. Used in superstructure fabrications or places where hull planking was too narrow to provide sufficient seating for the desired tenon length. Although small planking joints whose tenons are unpegged and contribute no structural strength are essentially coak joints , the term mortise-and-tenon joint has become universally accepted for all such forms of edge joinery.

Mortising chisel Fig. A specialized chisel used for shaping narrow mortises. Narrowing line. A curved line on the halfbreadth drawing of a hull, designating the curve of maximum breadth or the ends of the floor timbers throughout the length of the hull. The former was called the maximum breadth line ; the latter was known as the breadth of floor line.

Nib [Nibbing end] Fig. The practice of squaring the ends of deck planks where they terminated at the sides of the hull to avoid fine angles and subsequent splitting and distortion. Mortise-and-tenon joints: a fixed tenon and single mortise; b free tenon and two mortises; c free tenon and three mortises; and d patch tenon and two mortises. Nibbing strake [Margin plank] Fig.

A plank running adjacent to the waterways in the ends of a vessel, into which the nibbed ends of deck planks p. English documents most frequently referred to this timber as a margin plank; American contracts more commonly called it a nibbing strake.

Oakum [Oakham]. Caulking material made from rope junk, old rope, and rope scraps; it was unwound, picked apart, and the fibers were rolled and soaked in pitch before being driven into planking seams.

See also Sweep port. Orlop deck Fig. The lowest deck of a large ship. Outer stem. A name sometimes given to the main stempost or to the forward layer of timbers in a double-layered stem. Packing piece Fig. A short piece of timber used to fill open areas between structural timbers; used most frequently at the sides between deck beams or lodging knees.

To surround or enclose with strips of flexible material, as in the reinforcement of caulked planking seams usually lead strips or between ropes and their servings usually strips of canvas. Partners Fig. The timbers surrounding the deck openings for masts, pumps, bitts, and capstans; their primary purpose was to strengthen the deck around the opening and counteract strain.

Partners were also used on occasion to steady masts on undecked vessels. Patch tenon Fig. In ancient vessels, a headed tenon inserted from the exterior or interior surface of a plank. Patch tenons were normally used in the replacement of rotten or damaged planking. The name comes from their installed appearance as square patches in the sides of hulls.

To coat; to cover a hull bottom with a protective layer of pitch, resin, sulphur, etc. The upper portions of the narrow ends of a vessel; cited individually in some documents as forepeak and afterpeak. Also, a term used to designate the tip of an anchor palm. Peg [Tenon peg] Fig.

A tapered wooden pin driven into a pre-drilled hole to fasten two members or lock a joint. Pegs came in a variety of sizes and tapers; they could have square, round, or multi-sided cross sections. The important difference between dowels and pegs in ancient construction was that the former were of constant diameter and lightly set, while the latter were tapered and driven with appreciable force.

The most common use of pegs in ancient construction was the locking of mortise-and-tenon joints. Pillar Fig. Large vertical stanchion, usually turned or dressed for aesthetic reasons, used to support deck beams or reinforce potentially weak areas. By the seventeenth century, pairs of pillars, called cross pillars, were set diagonally across the hull to provide transverse strength. Pin rail. A long rack, usually attached to the inside of bulwarks, for holding belaying pins; a short pin rail was called a pin rack.

Steering devices: a a Mediterranean balanced quarter-rudder system, ca. Pintle Fig. A vertical pin at the forward edge of a stern-hung rudder that fit into a gudgeon on the sternpost to form a hinge. On most vessels, p. Pitch [Tar]. A dark, sticky substance used in caulking seams or spread over the inner or outer surfaces of hulls as waterproofing and protection against some forms of marine life.

Pitches were variously derived from the resins of certain evergreen trees; from bitumens, such as mineral pitches; or from the distillation of coal tar, wood tar, etc. Planking Fig. The outer lining, or shell, of a hull. Planking strake [Strake, Streake]. A continuous line of planks, usually running from bow to stern; the sum of a row of planks. Planksheer [Sheer plank] Fig.

The strake that described the sheer line of a vessel, attached to the toptimbers from stem to stern at the level of the p. Also, in various times and places, the name given to the uppermost continuous strake of side planking or the upper edge of the uppermost strake. In later English documents, a sheer rail or one of the drift rails. Plate knee [Plate] Fig. A knee made from iron plate.

Normally superimposed over a timber or wooden chock, iron knees were introduced in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Plug treenail. A piece of straight-grained wood through which metal fastenings were driven. In some cases, pilot holes are said to have been pre-bored through their lengths. They were not driven into the holes of the planks, but fit rather loosely and expanded tightly when the nails were driven through them.

Plug treenails were commonly used on the exterior hull surfaces of ancient ships to prevent leakage and splitting of the planks around the fastenings. Pump well [Sump] Fig. The cavity or compartment in the bottom of a hull, usually near amidships, where bilgewater collected and from which it was pumped out or bailed.

Wells ranged from simple sumps between frames to watertight compartments extending the full height of the hold. Quickwork Fig. The common ceiling of the orlop, berthing, and upper decks as well as the gundeck. It was so named because it did not require caulking or precision joinery and therefore could be erected comparatively quickly.

See also Lining. Rabbet Figs. A groove or cut made in a piece of timber in such a way that the edges of another piece could be fit into it to make a tight joint. Generally, the term refers to the grooves cut into the sides of the keel, stem, and sternpost, into which the garboards and hooding ends of the outer planking were seated. Rabbet plane Fig. A plane used in smoothing rabbets. Rag bolt Fig. A bolt whose shaft was barbed to prevent it from working out of its hole.

The inclination of the stem and sternpost beyond the ends of the keel; also, the inclination of the masts from the perpendicular. A strong projection on the bow of an ancient warship, usually sheathed in metal, used as a weapon to strike another vessel. Specifically, the ram p. Rams were also used, with little success, on iron warships after the middle of the nineteenth century. Ram bow. Any bow with a projecting forefoot or ram.

Ram bows sometimes served non-military functions: a means of reinforcing the bow construction externally, a method of lengthening the waterline to improve lateral resistance and maneuverability, or a decoration or symbol. Ramming timber. The main timber of an ancient ram, projecting forward from its envelope of bow planks and timbers to reinforce the head of the ram.

Reaming beetle [Reeming beetle] Fig. The heaviest caulking mallet, used with a reaming iron for opening seams so that caulking could be driven into them. Reaming iron [Reeming iron] Fig.

An iron chisel used for opening planking seams for caulking. A small transverse member, often flexible and composed of one or several pieces, that stiffened the outer skin of a hull.

Ribband carvel. The designation for a carvel-planked hull whose seams were covered with battens, or ribbands, to prevent the caulking from working out. Ribbands [Ribbons, Battens]. Long, flexible strips of wood most commonly used as temporary keepers by nailing them across the outside of standing frames while the vessel was being built.

When the term framed on ribbands was popular in the last few centuries of wooden shipbuilding, the ribbands were sometimes carefully arranged to represent certain rising and narrowing lines, from which planking and intermediate frame shapes were derived. Rider [Rider frame] Fig.

An internal frame seated atop the ceiling, to which it was fastened; riders could be single pieces, but more often they were complete frames composed of floor timbers, futtocks, and top timbers.

Installed either transversely or diagonally, they provided extra stiffening. Rider keel Fig. One or more additional keels bolted to the bottom of the main keel to increase its strength. Rider keelson Fig. An additional keelson, or one of several additional keelsons, bolted to the top of the main keelson of a large ship.

In some documents, it was called a False keelson. See also Keelson. Riding bitts Fig. Strong, upright timbers in the bow of a ship, to which the anchor cables and hawsers were secured. A claw-like tool used for removing old copper or wooden sheathing.

Rising line Fig. A curved line on the sheer drawing of a ship, designating the outer ends of the floor timbers or the height of maximum breadth throughout the length of the hull. The former line was called the rise of floor line or the floor head line ; the latter was known as the height of breadth line. See also Narrowing lines. Rising wood [Deadwood, Hog] Figs. Timbers fastened to the top of the keel and notched into the bottom of the floor timbers to better secure those members to each other and give the proper rising to the floor timbers.

Rising wood was located between the apron or forward deadwood and the after deadwood, and was sometimes referred to as the central or keel deadwood.

Rockered keel. A keel that is curved longitudinally so that it is deeper at its middle than at its ends. The term also refers to keels that are molded to a greater dimension amidships than at their ends. Rocker should not be confused with sag , which is an accidental rocker. Room and space Fig. The distance from a molded edge of one frame to the corresponding point on an adjoining frame, usually measured at or near the keelson.

The part occupied by the frame is called the room , while the unoccupied distance between it and the adjacent frame is called the space. On large ships of the last few centuries, where filling frames were placed between double frames, the term applied to the distance between the molded edge of one double frame to the corresponding point on the next double frame.

Because of the uneven Siding of forward frame faces, irregular spacing, and varying methods of fabrication, room and space is often a meaningless term in ancient hull documentation.

A more definitive designation for ancient ships is average frame spacing , the average of distances between frame centerlines at a common appropriate location, taken throughout the hull or hold.

Rove [Roove] Fig. A small metal washer, used in clinker-built hulls, over which nail or rivet ends are flattened to lock the fastening. The term was also applied to washers used in bolting scarfs, floor timbers, etc. Roving iron Fig. An iron, hollow-ended tool used to drive roves over the ends of nails and bolts before clenching. Rudder Fig. A timber, or assembly of timbers, that could be rotated about an axis to control the direction of a vessel underway.

Until the middle of the medieval period, the practice was to mount rudders on one or both stern quarters; these were known as quarter rudders.

By the late medieval period, however, it appears that most vessels of appreciable size were steered by a single rudder hung at the sternpost; these were known as stern-hung rudders. For a brief period, the two types were sometimes used in combination. Rudders were designed for the vessel and type of duty they p.

In protected waters they could be made quite broad, while seagoing ships utilized longer, more narrow rudders. For the largest seagoing ships, rudder construction was complex and required huge timbers, the assembly sometimes weighing several tons. Rudder blade Fig. The flat part of the rudder that diverts the water. Rudder breeching. A strong rope with one end attached to the rudder and the other inside the stern, used to relieve some of the weight on the gudgeons.

Rudder chains. Chains or ropes attached to each side of the rudder and to the stern, used to prevent the loss of a rudder if it accidentally became unshipped. Rudder head Fig. The upper part of the rudder stock. Rudder hole Fig. An opening in the stern through which the rudder stock passed. Rudder post. A term infrequently used to describe either the outer sternpost or the rudder stock.

Rudder sheath Fig. A wooden or metal protective covering placed over the leading edge of a quarter rudder blade. Rudder stock Fig. A strong vertical piece to which the tiller was fitted; on large, post-medieval vessels it was the main vertical timber of the rudder, and it was also known as the mainpiece.

Rudder trunk. A housing for the rudder stock, usually extending from the counter to the steering deck. Sag [Sagging]. The accidental rocker formed in a keel and bottom due to insufficient timbering or improper loading.

Scarf [Scarph]. An overlapping joint used to connect two timbers or planks without increasing their dimensions. Figure G illustrates various scarfs used throughout shipbuilding history.

Scupper Fig. A small opening, usually covered with a lid, in the side or deck for utilitarian purposes, such as a ballast port. The longitudinal joint between two timbers or planks; the term usually refers to planking seams, the longitudinal juxtaposition of the edges of planks in the sides or decks, which were made watertight. A longitudinal crack or distortion in a timber, caused by sun, weather, or improper curing. Cracks occurring during curing are also referred to as checks.

A thin covering of metal or wood, to protect hulls from marine life Wood Used For Boat Construction 88 or fouling, or to stabilize and protect surface material applied for that purpose. Sheathing was most commonly used in the form of copper, lead, zinc, or alloy sheets, or thin wooden planks known as furring or deals. G-9c and G-9d. A small nail or tack used to attach sheathing to a hull. Sheer line. Specifically, the line of the upper or main deck where it meets the side, but the term is often used to describe the sweep of the bulwarks or weather rail.

Shelf wale. On ancient and early medieval ships, a thick strake of external planking that supported through-beams and other timbers penetrating the outer planking. Shell-first construction [Shell-built]. A modern sometimes misleading term used to describe the process by which all or part of the outer hull planking was erected before frames were attached to it. In pure shell-built hulls, outer planking was self-supporting and formed the primary structure; the framework fastened to it formed the secondary, or stiffening, structure.

The act of arranging butts and scarfs so that adjacent joints are not in vertical alignment, thereby avoiding possible hull weaknesses. A thin piece of wood used to fill a separation between two timbers or a frame and a plank. A master craftsman skilled in the construction and repair of ships.

Probably in many more areas and periods than have been documented, the term designated a formal title, such as the shipwrights to the English monarchs, or a level of expertise qualifying admission to a guild or association. Shoe Figs. A term variously applied to the cover for an anchor fluke or a protecting piece at the bottom of a keel or rudder.

See Anchor and False keel. Shole [Sole, Shoe] Fig. A horizontal piece of wood or metal fixed along the bottom of a rudder to protect the lower ends of the vertical rudder pieces and align the bottom of the rudder with the bottom of the false keel. A prop or pole used to brace a vessel in an upright position when not afloat or supported by a cradle.

Shot locker Fig. A small compartment, usually located near the foot of the mainmast, where round shot was stored. Described variously as the part of a hull above the waterline or the part above the turn of the bilge.

Sided [Sided dimension]. The dimension of an unmolded surface; the distance across an outer frame surface, the forward or after surface of a p.

See Molded for further information on timber dimensions. Side timbers. In ancient and medieval vessels, one of a series of intermediate framing timbers inserted to provide stiffness along the line of wales. See also intermediate timbers.

Sill Fig. The lower horizontal timber framing a gunport, large square light, or gallery door. Sintel [Batten clamp]. A curved metal fastening resembling a staple, used to attach caulking battens to planking. Skeg Figs. Ge and Gf.

A triangular piece, resembling external deadwood placed above the after end of the keel; used to reinforce the sternpost and improve sailing qualities of small craft and flat-bottomed vessels. Alternately, the angular after end of the keel, or an extension of the keel, on which the rudder post was mounted or which was used to protect the forward edge of the rudder.

Skeletal construction [Frame-first construction]. A modern sometimes misleading term used to describe the procedure in which hulls were constructed by first erecting frames and then attaching the outer skin of planking to them. A seventeenth-century term for thick ceiling; a bilge stringer or footwale. In eighteenth-century English documents, a transom knee. Spirketting Fig. Thick interior planks running between the waterways and the lining or quickwork.

Stanchion Fig. An upright supporting post, including undecorated supports for deck beams and bulkheads. Standing knee [Standard] Figs. G-7e and 5� A knee mounted on a deck with its vertical arm pointed upward; most commonly used to reinforce the junction of the deck and side. Staple Figs. A metal rod or bar whose sharpened ends were bent at right angles, used to fasten false keels to keels or to secure planking seams that tended to separate.

Staples were used from the classical period to the present century. The projections on a lines drawing that represent the various body shapes of a hull.

Stealer Fig. A short plank inserted between two strakes of planking so that the regular strakes did not have to be made too wide; usually located at the bow or stern ends of bottom or lower side strakes.

Steering gear Fig. The mechanism, consisting of chains, ropes, blocks, etc. In more general terms, the various components composing any steering mechanism.

Steering oar. An oar used to steer a small vessel, either from the side or the stern. A steering oar should not be confused with a quarter rudder , which is the device commonly used to steer ancient vessels and is permanently mounted and turns about a fixed axis.

Stem [Stempost] Fig. A vertical or upward curving timber or assembly of timbers, scarfed to the keel or central plank at its lower end, into which the two sides of the bow were joined.

Stem head Fig. The upper end of the stem. Stemson Fig. A curved timber mounted on the inner surface of the apron; usually, the forward and upward extension of the keelson. Stern framing Fig. The assembly of timbers consisting of the sternpost, transoms, and fashion pieces. Stern knee Fig. An angular timber that reinforced the joint between the keel�or lower deadwoods�and the sternpost or inner sternpost.

Also known as the knee of the post. Sternpost Figs. Ga , b, d. A vertical or upward-curving timber or assembly of timbers stepped into, or scarfed to, the after end of the keel or heel.

Sternson Fig. A curved timber joining the keelson and inner sternpost; usually an extension of the keelson and was mounted on top of the deadwood. Sternson knee. A knee fitted atop or abaft the sternson to reinforce the upper part of the sternpost. Stopwater Fig. A wooden dowel inserted athwartships in the scarf seams of external timbers to prevent shifting of the joint or to discourage water seepage along the seams. Stringer [Longitudinal].

A general term describing the longitudinal timbers fixed to the inside surfaces of the frames; the ceiling, other than the common ceiling. An opening in the bulwarks to accommodate a sweep large oar. A timber assembly or housing that supported a mast or post at deck level.

A common support for a hinged mast. Taffrail [Tafferal] Figs. Variously, the upper part of the stern or the rail on top of the stern. Tenon Figs. This term is primarily used in conjunction with propellers and rudders. When cavitating, the propeller will speed up, but power is lost; the rudder may lose steering action. Cavitation most often occurs when turning.

Both result from a loss of a constant solid water flow. Power catamarans usually require deflectors when a single motor is used, to direct a flow of water to the propeller. Webster's Dictionary: "the formation of partial vaccums in a flowing liquid as a result of a separation of its parts".

Used to prevent leeway. The geometric center of the sail. The higher CE, the more leverage the wind has to heel the boat. When there is more than one sail, CE's will be given on the drawing for each sail plus a combined CE. On a triangle, the CE is the point at which the lines bisecting each angle cross. The location of the CE fore and aft, affects the way the boat turns into the wind. Checks result from tension stresses during the drying process.

CLEW The lower, aft corner of a fore-and-aft sail, where the leech meets the foot. Also called a schooner bow. Webster's New World Dictionary. More commonly, in a boat, this refers to the outside working or seating area below the sheer.

Bow riders have a forward cockpit. On a center console, the inside area could be called a cockpit, but this term is more often used to define a more limited area. COAMING A non-structural longitudinal member at the cockpit perimeter; a decorative piece fastened to the carling, usually protruding above the side deck to prevent water from entering the cockpit. These are sleeping accommodations, cooking facilities, a toilet, some lounging space, and fuel and water tanks.

The terms sedan, express, and day are loose categories meant to place emphasis on certain capabilities. A sedan cruiser has more glass and more lounging area,express is faster, and a day cruiser has minimal accommodations and usually only practical for limited overnight stays. Primarily used in competition craft. Usually only suitable for small boats. Additional power will only allow a hull to maintain hull speed against a head wind or under load.

The commercial fishing dories of New England were stacked on a larger boat and transported to the Grand Banks where they were off-loaded with a fisherman, and later retrieved.

The boats were noted for their sea worthiness. Over the years the dory has evolved to encompass various types of boats, usually characterized by flat bottoms and flaring sides. DAVITS Curved uprights projecting over the side of larger boats for suspending, or raising and lowering a smaller boat.

Dry rot needs extended periods of moisture fresh water , oxygen, and dry rot spores to thrive. Fairness is checked by sighting down the longitudinal lines. Fiddles are frequently left open at the corners for drainage. FILL The thread that runs across sail cloth from edge to edge. The term is most often used in reference to Stitch-N-Glue boat building. A fillet is made with activated epoxy resin, thickened with various fillers, to a putty consistency.

The putty is "globbed" into place and smoothed with a rounded tool. This is a shipping term, not a boat term. FOOT The lowest edge of a sail. This is an naval architecture term. It will usually be seen on the 2 plansheet, where the various stations are shown. This represents the end of the stem, or the last station from the transom. A sail that fills that area. Frames can be divided into two categories: sawn or bent frames.

Sawn frames are assembled from separate pieces, either lapped or gusseted together to form the station contour. Bent frames are bent around a form or into a hull using one or more layers of solid wood. No Glen-L designs use bent frames. Frames can be lapped with a piece of plywood filling the interior frame space to form a bulkhead. Also called garboard strake. Garboard drain plugs are installed in the at the lowest point along the garboard.

GEL COAT A semi-thixotropic, air-inhibited, usually pigmented resin that is applied to a waxed mold surface over which subsequent fiberglass layup is made. When the piece is removed from the mold, the gel coat becomes the outside finish. Also, the body part between the head and the body of a goose; most often used for making gravy.

The pintle has a pin male part , The gudgeon accepts the pintle female part. There are different styles, sometimes with the pintle on the rudder, sometimes on the transom.

External halyards are located outside the mast; internal halyards pass through the inside of a hollow mast. HANK A metal or nylon clip used to hold the luff of a headsail or staysail to the forestay.

The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. Hardwoods have traditionally been used in making such products as furniture, strip flooring, interior trim, boats, cutting boards, novelties, etc. Wood used in making these products is typically in the form of relatively small and defect-free pieces which are subsequently glued together; it is also generally more costly than wood from softwood species.

Because of these factors, hardwood lumber is manufactured to non-standardized length and width dimensions which will minimize trim waste.

For the same reasons, such lumber is measured relatively accurately, with rounding of measurements in small increments. The harpin may be only a portion of the sheer usually the forward section or the complete sheer. Glen-L supplies a pattern or dimensions for the harpin. Cells of heartwood no longer participate in the life processes of the tree.

Heartwood may contain phenolic compounds, gums, resins, and other materials that usually make it darker and more decay resistant than sapwood. HOOK re. When the boat is rightside-up, the bottom curves up from the transom; is "dished" forward of the transom. This "hook" will drive the bow down, reducing performance. Can also lead to the bow "bobbing" up and down.

The aft section of the hull, seen in profile, should be straight. Also called a stern drive. In most designs it can be used optionally to a v-drive, or jet drive.

K Top KEEL The junction of the bottom planking along the centerline of the boat or the inside member backing this junction aft of the stem. The term also refers to an outer longitudinal appendage on the centerline. The purpose of this member is to keep the wind from blowing the boat sideways from its forward course. The keel also serves to protect the prop on a power boat. KERF The cut made by a saw blade.

A fixed keel trailerable boat requires a special trailer and special launch facilities. KILN In lumber drying, a kiln is a room or building where temperature, moisture, and the amount of air circulating are controlled to dry wood. Drying wood in a kiln is an art to ensure that the wood dries evenly to retain its strength and aesthetic properties.

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