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The military history of New Zealand is an aspect of the history of New Zealand that spans several hundred years. Initially being fought with close range weapons of wood and stone, this continued on and off until Europeans arrived, bringing with them new weapons such as muskets. In the second half of the century and into this century the New Zealand Defence Force has provided token assistance to the United States in several conflicts.
New Zealand has also contributed troops extensively to multilateral peacekeeping operations. Oral histories, legends and whakapapa include many stories of battles and wars but little research has been carried out into how often wars actually happened. At some point, perhaps before this cultural change, one group migrated to the Chatham Islands , where they developed the largely pacifist Moriori culture. The largest battle recorded was that of Hingakaka with several thousand combatants.
In time, all the tribes traded to obtain muskets and the conflict ultimately reached an uneasy stalemate. The expedition was sent by Governor Bourke from Sydney, but was subsequently criticised for use of excessive force by a British House of Commons report in What the wars were fought over has been debated by historians, with Keith Sinclair arguing that they were about land, while James Belich has argued that although land was a major factor, the wars were essentially a contest over sovereignty.
This debate is reflected in the naming of the wars: there is no real consensus over whether they should be called the 'New Zealand Wars' or the 'Land Wars', although Belich's books and television series about the conflict popularised the former term, [5] as did a book by historian James Cowan published in the s. It was an isolated incident caused by the Nelson settlers trying to seize land they did not own, an extra-legal vigilante action that resulted in twenty-two of them being killed.
This was about mana �tribal prestige�and customs duties. There followed a period of relative peace and economic cooperation from to They tried to use military might to push through a very dubious land sale that the courts later repudiated. The result was the First Taranaki War. However, this was clearly just a preliminary. War broke out again in with the Invasion of the Waikato. To assist in this war, a temporary navy was established.
This was the Waikato Flotilla , New Zealand's first de facto navy, comprising eight riverboats, four armoured barges, five coastal boats and a naval dockyard. By the mids the conflict had forced the closing of all the native schools. The period from the second half of until early was relatively quiet. Possibly the most notorious incident during this time was the murder of the missionary Carl Volkner.
These are sometimes known as the East Cape War , but that label oversimplifies a complicated series of conflicts. These were fought at the same time but were not related to each other and should be considered as separate conflicts. This ended the major, violent conflicts between the new colonial government and the original occupants of the land.
There were subsequently other conflicts and incidents that were a part of the overall conflict, but are not usually seen in the context of the New Zealand Wars. The invasion of Parihaka in was certainly one of these. There was an incident in the s that became known as the Dog Tax War. Another was the arrest of Rua Kenana in It is even possible that events at Bastion Point in the s should be considered as part of the same scenario. The Second Boer War , fought from 11 October until 31 May and between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic Transvaal Republic , resulted from the history of British encroachment into or involvement in areas already settled by Afrikaners � who were known colloquially as Boers farmers � the descendants of the original Dutch settlers.
This was exacerbated by the discovery of gold and diamonds in the South African Republic , after which many miners from British Empire countries migrated there.
New Zealand decided to help fight for the Empire and sent 6, mounted troops to assist the British efforts, making the war New Zealand's first overseas military campaign. Virtually every man in New Zealand was desperately keen to get to war, [ citation needed ] so the first soldiers to go were selected on the basis of who could afford to go.
The first two of the 10 contingents paid their own way. The proposal to send the first contingent � mounted riflemen � was approved by Parliament prior to the outbreak of war on 28 September Prime Minister Richard Seddon 's proposition to do so was overwhelmingly supported, meeting opposition from only five members of parliament. The volunteers of the first two contingents were mainly members of New Zealand's existing permanent or voluntary forces and were expected to supply their own equipment and horses.
The Third and Fourth Contingents were organised by regional politicians and businesspeople: the Third organised mainly from Canterbury, and the Fourth from Otago. These two Contingents were also largely paid for through local fundraising rather than central government, and together they became known as the Rough Riders. The remaining contingents were funded by the British Government. The Boer War was the first overseas conflict to involve New Zealand troops, and was the first conflict the nation was involved in since the New Zealand Wars had ceased in the early s.
The New Zealand soldiers in South Africa suffered casualties � most of those from either accident or disease. The women of New Zealand were also supportive of the war. Girls' and Ladies' Khaki Corps or 'Contingents' were organised throughout the country during to raise funds as part of New Zealand's South African War effort � Denied entry into active war service, women threw themselves into patriotic work on the home front.
The contingents were quickly established throughout New Zealand in cities and small towns. Young society women dressed in khaki uniforms with skirts and hats modelled on men's uniforms. The Khaki Corps had a full range of military titles and local volunteer officers coached members in military exercises.
In total, New Zealand provided ten contingents to the British, numbering 6, men. New Zealand losses were seventy-one men killed in action, twenty-five killed in accidents and of disease.
Figures for New Zealanders serving with units outside of the New Zealand contingents are unknown. The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in �, excluding those in British and other Dominion forces, was ,, from a population of just over a million.
Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war's end, as a result of injuries sustained, and died whilst training in New Zealand between and New Zealand's first act of the war was to seize and occupy German Samoa. Although Germany refused to officially surrender the islands, no resistance was offered and the occupation took place without any fighting � the second German territory to be occupied in the name of King George V.
The first major battle fought by New Zealand troops was Gallipoli. Despite this, the significance of the battle of Gallipoli was strongly felt in New Zealand and Australia where it was the first great conflict experienced by the fledgling nations. New Zealanders fought elsewhere in the Middle East, where they took a minor part in the Senussi Campaign and, more importantly, in the ultimately successful Sinai and Palestine Campaign against the Turkish.
New Zealanders fought in most of the battles leading up to the fall of Jerusalem and the defeat of the Ottoman Army, and were praised for their fighting alongside their Australian and British comrades.
A total of 17, New Zealanders served in this campaign and New Zealand casualties were killed in action and 1, wounded. In France, the New Zealand Division participated in the Battle of the Somme , where they advanced three kilometres and captured eight kilometres of enemy front line.
In June , the New Zealand Division further distinguished itself in the storming of Messines ridge and the capture of the village of Messines. During the fighting at Passchendaele in the following October, however, it was bloodily repulsed in its second attack, with dead in exchange for no more than yards m of ground gained. This was the first time the division had failed in a major operation and remains the worst disaster in New Zealand's history in terms of lives lost in a single day.
The division also fought against the German Spring Offensive of The day proved to be Division's most successful of their whole time on the Western Front as they pushed east and advanced ten kilometres, capturing German soldiers and sixty field guns. New Zealand also contributed to the war at sea. The cruiser HMS Philomel patrolled the Gulf of Alexandretta in the Eastern Mediterranean, supporting several landings and sustaining three fatal casualties, one being the first New Zealander killed in action in the war.
The main base for New Zealanders while in Europe was Sling Camp on the Salisbury Plains in England, the camp is now gone but the foot m high chalk Bulford Kiwi that the troops carved into hillside while awaiting repatriation remains to this day. In the first peacetime deployment of New Zealand Forces overseas other than commemorative contingents , New Zealand deployed a fifty six strong force of regular soldiers to Fiji to support the civilian authorities during a period of civil unrest.
Under the command of Major Edward Puttick , the small force deployed to Fiji on the government steamer Tutanekai on 5 February and would remain in Fiji until 18 April Politically, New Zealand had been a vocal opponent of European fascism and also the appeasement of those dictatorships, national sentiment for a strong show of force was generally supported. Economic and defensive considerations also motivated the New Zealand involvement; reliance on Britain meant that if she were threatened, New Zealand would be too in terms of economic and defensive ties.
There was also a strong sentimental link between the former British colony and the United Kingdom, with many seeing Britain as the "mother country" or "Home". The Prime Minister of the time, Michael J.
Savage , summed this up at the outbreak of war with a quote that would become a popular cry in New Zealand during the war;: "Where Britain goes, we go! Where she stands, we stand! In total, around , New Zealand personnel served overseas for the Allied war effort, and an additional , men were armed for Home Guard duty.
At its peak in July , New Zealand had , men and women under arms excluding the Home Guard and by the war's end a total of , men and 10, women had served in the armed forces at home and overseas. The costs for the country were high � 11, killed, a ratio of 6, dead per million in the population which was the highest rate in the Commonwealth Britain suffered 5, and Australia 3, per million population. The main fighting unit of the expeditionary force was the 2nd New Zealand Division , also commanded by Freyberg.
After Germany invaded Greece the Allies were forced to retreat, and the New Zealanders lost men killed, 1, captured and seriously wounded. Most of the remaining New Zealand troops were evacuated to Crete , where Freyberg became commander of the Allied forces on the island. The Germans subsequently invaded Crete, and after several days of heavy fighting in the Battle of Crete , took the island.
Ultimately 17, troops were evacuated to Alexandria by the British surrender on 1 June. Most of the New Zealanders made it, but 2, were captured. Additional New Zealand casualties for the Battle of Crete were dead and wounded. New Zealand Second Lieutenant Charles Upham , the only person to receive two Victoria Crosses during World War II and the only combat soldier to receive the award twice, gained his first award during the battle.
Subsequently, the New Zealand government insisted that the division be withdrawn to Syria to recover � men were killed and 1, wounded in Operation Crusader, the most costly battle the division fought in the Second World War.
Heavy casualties were suffered by the two New Zealand brigades involved as they were attacked by German tanks, with several thousand men taken prisoner. Charles Upham earned a bar for his Victoria Cross in this battle.
Subsequent fighting, including the Second Battle of El Alamein , resulted in German retreat from the area, into Tunisia. On 13 May , the North African campaign ended, with the surrender of the last , Axis troops in Tunisia. On the 15th the division began the withdrawal back to Egypt , and by 1 June the division was back in Maadi and Helwan , on standby for use in Europe.
Total New Zealand losses since November , were 2, killed, 7, wounded and 4, taken prisoner. New Zealand troops were transferred to the Italian Front later in the year and participated in the Battle of Monte Cassino and the advance through northern Italy through to the German surrender and the 2nd Division's occupation of Trieste.
This force supplemented existing garrison troops in the South Pacific.
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