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To deal with the problem of the instability of the boat when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the shunting technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible single-outriggers. When Magellan 's ships first encountered the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in , Antonio Pigafetta recorded that the Chamorros' sailboats far surpassed Magellan's in speed and maneuverability.
Outrigger fishing canoes are also used among certain non-Austronesian groups, such as the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka , where they are known as oruwa , [10] as well as among some groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The acquisition of the catamaran and outrigger boat technology by the non-Austronesian peoples in Sri Lanka and southern India is the result of very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the Maldives and Laccadive Islands.
This is estimated to have occurred around to BCE and onwards. This may have possibly included limited colonization that have since been assimilated.
This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. The technology has persisted into the modern age. Outrigger boats can be quite large fishing or transport vessels.
In the Philippines , outrigger boats called bangka or paraw are often fitted with petrol engines. The links between seafaring and outrigger boats in the Philippines extend through to political life, in which the smallest political unit in the country is still called " barangay " after the historical balangay outrigger boats used in the original migrations of the first Austronesian peoples across the archipelago and beyond.
The Polynesian Voyaging Society has two double-hull sailing catamarans, Hokulea and Hawaiiloa , and sails them between various islands in the Pacific using traditional Polynesian navigation methods without instruments. The Hikianalia and Alingano Maisu are other extant double-hulled voyaging canoes.
They are: [15] [16]. Double-outrigger boats are more prevalent in Southeast Asia , though single-outriggers and catamarans also exist.
They have two outrigger floats connected to spars lashed across a single hull. They range in size from small vessels like the jukung , vinta , and the paraw ; to medium-sized trading and fishing vessels like the balangay and basnigan ; to very large warships like the karakoa and kora kora. In Philippine vessels, additional booms called batangan are usually added across the outrigger spars tadik , in between the outrigger floats katig and the main hull bangka.
Catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are the traditional configurations in Polynesia , Micronesia , and Madagascar. In the Pacific Islands, a single outrigger float is called an ama.
The ama, which is usually rigged on the left side, provides stability. Double-outrigger configurations, a later innovation from Southeast Asian Austronesians, never reached Oceania. Single-outrigger dugout canoes also survived until recent times in some parts of the Philippines. Examples include a specimen in the University of Southampton from Manila Bay collected in the s, as well as boats from Lake Bulusan and Lake Buhi of the Bicol Region of southern Luzon from as recently as The single outrigger is used to provide lateral stability, while still allowing fishermen to work with fishing nets.
These boats were paddled and were not equipped with sails. They have largely disappeared in modern times, partly due to the scarcity of suitable timber and partly due to the relative cheapness of fiberglass boats.
The following is an incomplete list of traditional Austronesian outrigger vessels. It also includes catamarans. The following are traditional outrigger boats acquired by other cultures from contact with Austronesian sailors. Outrigger canoe racing has become a popular canoeing sport, with numerous clubs located around the world.
Outrigger Canoe Racing is the State sport of Hawaii and an interscholastic high school sport. In modern sport outrigger canoeing, ships are classified according to the configuration and number of the hulls and the number of paddlers, including the OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4 and OC6 with the respective number of paddlers using a single-hull outrigger canoe , and the DC12 or OC12 with twelve paddlers using a double-hull outrigger canoe, two six-person canoes rigged together like a catamaran.
Outriggers without a rudder are referred to as V1, V2, etc. Six-person outrigger canoes or OC6 are among the most commonly used for sport use; single-person outrigger canoes or OC1 are also very common. Two and four-person outrigger canoes are also sometimes used, and two six-person outrigger canoes are sometimes rigged together like a catamaran to form a twelve-person double canoe. Modern OC6 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass-reinforced plastic.
However, some canoes are made of more traditional materials. In Ancient Hawaii , canoes were carved from the trunks of very old koa trees. These canoes, although rare, are still very much in use today. OC1 are often made with rudders operated by foot pedals. More traditional designs do not have rudders. In an outrigger canoe, the paddlers sit in line, facing toward the bow of the canoe i. The seats are numbered from 1 closest to the bow to the number of seats in the canoe, usually 6.
The steerer or steersman or steersperson sits in the last seat of the canoe seat 6 in the common OC6 and, as the name indicates, is primarily responsible for steering. The paddler sitting in seat 1 is called the stroke or stroker and is responsible for setting the pace of the paddle strokes. The stroker should have a high level of endurance to keep the rate the number of strokes taken in a given amount of time manageable for whatever the situation may be.
The first two positions may also be involved in certain steering manoeuvers. This usually involves the draw stroke. During a tight turn, the one seat might poke to make the canoe turn the opposite way. In the middle of the canoe seats number 3 and 4 known as the powerhouse are the strong and powerful paddlers. Any of the 2 can be the 'caller' who directs when to switch over their blades, when to pick up or slow down the stroking pace, etc.
Whoever is caller must have very good leadership skills and know how to think off the top of their heads in any situation. Every position has an important role to play in the canoe. In an OC1, the single paddler must also steer the canoe. Some OC1s have rudders operated by foot pedals, while OC1s without rudders must be steered by drawing and paddling as needed for steering purposes while paddling to move the canoe forward.
A good steersman is able to maintain the straight attitude of the canoe throughout the course of a race, and also keep the boat and the crew safe in rough sea conditions. They may also take advantage of water conditions to gain extra speed by surfing.
The steersman uses a single bladed steering paddle which has a larger blade than a standard outrigger paddle, is built stronger, and has less or no bend in its shaft.
They steer by the following methods:. A steersman also skippers the canoe and instructs all other paddlers as necessary. As an outrigger canoe is a long narrow canoe with the steersman placed at the very end, the steersman must give instructions sufficiently loudly and clearly for the entire crew to hear.
From a water safety perspective the steersman should also be among the most experienced crew members, and be knowledgeable with the waterways and weather conditions, relevant maritime rules and other safety considerations such as the use of personal flotation devices, rigging of the canoe, placement of paddlers in the various seating positions, and recovery from a huli by righting the canoe and bailing out the water.
The steersman should also be able to keep the ama down during rough water. Paddlers use single-bladed paddles, usually with single or double bent shafts. The paddling stroke is similar to that of most other racing canoe paddling strokes, involving primarily core and lat strength. Generally, each paddler paddles on the opposite side from the paddler in directly front for example, in an OC6, paddlers in seats 1, 3, and 5 paddle on one side, while paddlers in seats 2 and 4 paddle on the other side.
All paddlers switch sides simultaneously on a call from one who is the designated caller. The steerer may paddle either side or switch sides as needed for steering purposes. The steersman will also switch sides to keep the ama from popping up and capsizing the canoe. Stronger paddlers are typically placed in the middle of the canoe, while paddlers with the most endurance tend to be placed at the front, as the lead paddler sets the pace for the crew.
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