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For travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers , one is mounted on either side of the hull.
The Dufuna canoe from Nigeria is an year-old dugout, the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the third-oldest worldwide. The well-watered tropical rainforest and woodland regions of sub-Saharan Africa provide both the waterways and the trees for dugout canoes, which are commonplace from the Limpopo River basin in the south through East and Central Africa and across to West Africa.
African Teak is the timber favoured for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, and is in short supply in some areas.
Dugouts are paddled across deep lakes and rivers or punted through channels in swamps see makoro or mtumbwi or in shallow areas, and are used for transport, fishing, and hunting, including, in the past, the very dangerous hunting of hippopotamus.
Dugouts are called pirogues in Francophone areas of Africa. An year-old dugout canoe was found by archaeologists in Kuahuqiao , Zhejiang Province , in east China.
The Moken, an ethnic group that lives in Myanmar's Mergui Archipelago and the north of Thailand as sea nomads, still builds and uses dugout canoes. A centuries-old unfinished dugout boat, a big banca five tons, measuring 8 by 2 by 1. In ancient Europe many dugouts were made from linden wood , for several reasons.
First, linden trees were abundant in the Paleolithic after the melting of the Weichselian glaciation and readily available. Secondly, linden grew to be one of the tallest trees in the forests of the time, making it easier to build longer boats. Linden wood also lends itself well to carving and doesn't split or crack easily. It is also lighter than most other tree types in European old-growth forests , and for this reason, boats made from linden wood have a better cargo capacity and are easier to carry.
The Pesse canoe , found in the Netherlands , is a dugout which is believed to be the world's oldest boat, carbon dated to between BCE and BCE. Other dugouts discovered in the Netherlands include two in the province of North Holland : in , near Uitgeest , dated at BC; [6] and in , near Den Oever , dated at BC.
Dugouts have also been found in Germany. In German , the craft is known as einbaum one-tree. In the old Hanseatic town of Stralsund , three log-boats were excavated in Two of the boats were around 7, years old and are the oldest boats found in the Baltic area.
The third boat 6, years old was 12 meters long and holds the record as the longest dugout in the region. The finds have partly deteriorated due to poor storage conditions. The boat has since been dated to be 6, years old. The boat has holes suggesting that it had an outrigger or was joined to another boat. They used dugouts to attack Constantinople and to withdraw into their lands with bewildering speed and mobility. The monoxyla were often accompanied by larger galleys, that served as command and control centres.
Each Slavic dugout could hold from 40 to 70 warriors. The Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host were also renowned for their artful use of dugouts, which issued from the Dnieper to raid the shores of the Black Sea in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Using small, shallow-draft, and highly maneuverable galleys known as chaiky , they moved swiftly across the Black Sea. According to the Cossacks' own records, these vessels, carrying a 50 to 70 man crew, could reach the coast of Anatolia from the mouth of the Dnieper River in forty hours. More than 40 pre-historic log-boats have been found in the Czech Republic. It was cut out of a single oak log and has a width of 1.
Geographically, Czech log-boat sites and remains are clustered along the Elbe and Morava Rivers. Lewin logboats are characterized by a square or trapezoidal cross-section, rectangular hull-ends and low height of the sides in relation to vessel length.
In addition, nearly all the Lewin-type boats have a single hole in the bow and two at the stern. The low height is a result of the parent log being split lengthwise in half, in order to obtain two identical timbers from a single trunk. The advantage lies in the resulting identical twin hulls, which are then joined to form a double-hulled raft. The paired hulls were joined by transverse poles, which did not go through the holes in the platform ends but were fastened to the top walls or in special grooves at the hull ends.
These vessels were typically 7�12 m in length, and the largest of them could carry up to 1. Many pre-historic dugout boats have been found in Scandinavia. These boats were used for transport on calmer bodies of water, fishing and maybe occasionally for whaling and sealing.
Dugouts require no metal parts, and were common amongst the Stone Age people in Northern Europe until large trees suitable for making this type of watercraft became scarce. Length was limited to the size of trees in the old-growth forests�up to 12 metres 39 ft in length. They have been carbon dated to the years 5,, BCE and they are the oldest known boats in Northern Europe.
Eventually, the dugout portion was reduced to a solid keel , and the lashed boards on the sides became a Lapstrake hull. The Iron Age residents of Great Britain , were known to have used logboats for fishing and basic trade.
In , a logboat was uncovered in Poole Harbour , Dorset. The Poole Logboat dated to BC, was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a giant oak tree.
It is currently located in the Poole Museum. An even older logboat the Hanson log boat was unearthed in in Shardlow south of Derby. It has been dated to the Bronze Ages around 1. There was another pre-historic boat at the same location, but it was buried in situ. In Northern Europe , the tradition of making dugout canoes survived into the 20th and 21st centuries in Estonia , where seasonal floods in Soomaa , a km 2 wilderness area, make conventional means of transportation impossible.
In recent decades, a new surge of interest in crafting dugouts Estonian haabjas has revitalized the ancient tradition. Dugout canoes were constructed by indigenous people throughout the Americas, where suitable logs were available. The Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest were and are still very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to 80 feet 24 m tall, they also construct dugout canoes over 60 feet 18 m long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes.
The dugout was foot 12 m long, made of Douglas fir , and weighed 3. Altogether, the group ventured some 4, miles 7, km after two months at sea. The Pacific Ocean has been the nursery for many different forms of dugout sailing craft. They differ in their sail plan i. Hull shapes and end forms vary greatly. Masts can "be right or made of double spars. Intended use fish, war, sea voyage and geographical features beach, lagoon, reefs are reflected in the design.
Importantly, there is an important dividing line: some craft use a tacking rig ; others "shunt" that is change tack "by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other.
In the Pacific Islands , dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long-distance travel.
Such vessels carried 40 to 80 warriors in calm sheltered coastal waters or rivers. It is believed that trans-ocean voyages were made in Polynesian catamarans and one hull, carbon-dated to about , was found in New Zealand in Larger waka were made of about seven parts lashed together with flax rope.
You will also want assistance in holding the canoe and gently turning it over as you remove the forms. Seal your strip canoe. Many strip canoes use a combination of fiberglass, epoxy, and varnish to seal and reinforce the wood strips. Follow the individual package instructions regarding specific application, dry time, and safety precautions.
Wait for your epoxy or varnish to completely dry and seal before taking your canoe to the water. Method 3 of Determine what kind of tree you want to use. Research what kind of trees grow in local forests. Then, decide which kind you'd like to use for your canoe. Look for a sturdy stout tree that is straight and symmetrical. Dugout canoes are often made from cedar, willow, spruce, pine, cottonwood, and redwood.
Traditionally, they were made with whatever was growing close to a river source. Select your actual tree. Walk through a nearby forest and find a tree. Look for one that's large and tall enough to make into a canoe. Remember, you'll only be using the long trunk of the tree; you won't want to use branches. You can cut down a tree, especially one that's already dead, or you can use a tree that's already fallen.
Cut the tree into a log. If the tree is still standing, have someone help to first cut the tree down.
Then, make two clean cuts at the ends of your log. Make sure no branches are growing out from any part of your log. Your log should be as long as you'd like your canoe to be. Make sure you have permission to cut down a tree even if it's dead. If you're unsure how long you'd like to make your canoe, cut a longer log. That way you can cut down and make a shorter canoe, if you choose.
Decide where you'll work. Given the enormous size of your log, you may want to work in the field or forest where you cut your log. This will save you from having to move it. If you decide to move your log to an off-site work station, be sure to get help and use proper lifting equipment. Logs can weigh hundreds of pounds and cause serious injury if moved carelessly.
Method 4 of Strip the bark from your log. Use whatever tool feels most comfortable to you. A shovel might be your best bet for removing large sections of bark quickly. Or you can use an axe or an adz to chip away the bark which should easily break off. Bark scraps make good kindling for fires. Keep them if you plan on camping or making fires. Draw an outline on your log. Using a pencil, draw along the sides just how your want your ends to taper.
On the top of your log draw where the ends taper and mark where the center of the boat will be. The center outline will look a bit like an oval. If you suspect it could rain and wash away your outline, consider lightly chiseling in your outline, using a small chisel and hammer.
Create a flat bottom for your canoe. Make perpendicular cuts across the length of the log. You'll then use a chainsaw, adz, or axe to split out all the sections between the cuts.
Roll the log over. You'll want to have help and some rope to carefully roll the flat bottom onto the ground. You should now see a rounded part at the top.
Create a flat top for your canoe. Again, make perpendicular cuts across the length of the log and then split out all the sections between the cuts.
Don't go too deep, since you'll be cutting into the sides of your canoe. Cut out the ends. You can use either a chainsaw to crudely remove large chunks of wood, or you can use an axe or ads to chop away as much wood as you lik. Usually, the ends are tapered into points. This allows your canoe to move in either direction.
Cut away the center. Be careful to stop at least 2" to 3" from the bottom of the log. This will prevent you from accidentally cutting holes into your canoe. While it might seem like you're cutting out too much wood, you need to in order to reduce the weight of your canoe. Removing the bulk of the wood will help its buoyancy. Method 5 of Shape the ends. You can use a smaller elbow adz for more control. Gradually cut and smooth the ends into your desired shape.
Cut the sides of the canoe. At this point, your canoe probably still looks boxy. You can cut the top sides into a gentle swoop to reduce the weight of your canoe and give it an elegant look. Detail the center of the canoe. Although you've removed the bulk of the wood from the center of your canoe, you still need to take a smaller knife, adz, or axe and clean up the edges.
Try to make the center as uniform as possible. Remember not to remove too much wood from the bottom or you might cut a hole. Sand your canoe smooth. Use heavy grit sandpaper and rub your sandpaper over the entire surface of your canoe. Work the sandpaper with the grain of the wood. Be sure to blow away any sawdust before sealing your canoe. Seal the canoe.
Use a spar varnish and apply multiple coats. Be sure to use a light sandpaper in between coats. This will help your varnish layers stick. Follow specific package instructions on your varnish and be cautious when using.
Wait for your varnish to completely dry and seal before taking your canoe to the water. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Use caution when using saws and others tools so you don't injure yourself. Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0. Related wikiHows How to. How to. Co-authors: Updated: October 8, Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 27, times.
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