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Explain: a Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement? What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? Or Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji. The people were allowed to assemble there. After they had gathered there in thousands, General Dyer marched there with armoured cars and troops. Without giving any warning to the people to disperse, he ordered firing on the unarmed, and peaceful people.
The casualties among the Indians were very heavy. This massacre of innocent people in thousands converted Mahatma Gandhi into a non-cooperator. As a result of it, the Simon Commission was appointed in A. This commission consisted of seven members and its Chairman was Sir John Simon.
But Indians boycotted the Simon Commission because there was no Indian member in this commission. Such demonstrations were held everywhere it went. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of Choose any three, and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement. In the Non- Cooperation Movement , the following social groups took part.
I Middle-class people in the towns. For example, in Awadh, it was Baba Ramchandra sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The movement here was not against the Britishers but against talukdars and landlords. The problems of the rural people were different from those of the urban people:. As the problems of the people were different, their demands were also different.
The peasant movement demanded:. In many places, Nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by the Panchayats to deprive the landlords of the services of barbers, cobblers, washermen, etc.
Even national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru went to villages in Awadh to know the grievances of the people. When the movement spread in , the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked.
The movement turned violent which was not liked by some of the Congress leaders. III Tribal people. Most of the tribal people were dependent on forests for their livelihood but under the new Forest Policy, the government had put several restrictions on the people :.
All these steps enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights were also being denied. So the people revolted. IV Plantation workers. Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because-.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life. Why did the political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? By the system of separate electorates, we mean such a system when people of one religion only vote for a candidate of their own religion. Using such a system, was a mischief of the British Government who wanted to divide the people to weaken the national movement.
By doing so, the British wanted to prolong their stay in India. The different political leaders differed over the question of separate electorates because of the following reasons :. They knew well that it was all the mischief of the British Government who encouraged different people to ask for separate electorates because such a policy would weaken the national movement, and prolong Britishers stay in India.
The Congress leaders were one and all in favour of joint electorates. In their opinion, the majority of the people were Hindus, and so in case of joint electorates, the Muslims would have little chance of winning the seats. As such, they would always be at the mercy of the Hindus. Ambedkar, also asked for separate electorates because in the joint electorates, he feared the dominance of the upper electorates or the upper caste Hindus in the elections.
By the Poona Pact he, however, agreed to have joint electorates with the Hindus, provided the seats for the Depressed Classes were fixed or reserved in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils. Multiple Choice Questions. Which of the following agreements gave seats to the depressed classes in Provincial and Central Legislative council?
Which one of the following Viceroys announced a vague offer of dominion status for India in October ? Which one of the following combination of colours was there in the Swaraj flag designed by Gandhiji in ? Why were the Dalits ignored by the Congress for a longtime? Ambedkar c Fear from socialism d Fear from industralists. Which of the following Acts did not permit plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission?
In which of the following year Mahatma Gandhi inspired the peasants of Champaran district of Bihar to struggle against the oppressive plantation system? Why did Gandhiji withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement? Which one of the following statements is false about Alluri Sitaram Raju?
Which one of the following statements is not related to the Gandhi-irwin Pact? Why did Nationalists in India tour villages to gather folk songs and legends? Choose the most appropriate reason from the following : [AI ] a Nationalists wanted to study their own culture. Which of the following statements is not true about the Simon Commission?
Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji? The resolution of Puma Swaraj was adopted at which session? The Simon Commission was boycotted because a there was no Indian in the commission b it supported the Muslim League c Congress felt that the people deserved Swaraj d there were differences among the members.
When did Jallianwalla Bagh incident take place? Justice Party of Madras was a party of a non-muslims b non-brahmins c non-tamils d judges.
Who led a peasant movement during the Non-Cooperation Movement? Baba Ramchandra led a Peasant Movement in Avadh against the a British government b the ruler of Avadh c the Talukdars d the moneylenders. By whom was the Swaraj Party formed? With which main demand did the Civil Disobedience Movement start? At which of the following places did Gandhiji make salt out of sea water to defy the salt law? Who among the following led the Civil Disobedience Movement in Peshawar?
By what name were the dalits referred by Gandhiji? When was the Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries set up? Why was Alluri Sitaram Raju well known?
Who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in ? Ambedkar c Mahatma Gandhi d Sardar Patel. Which of the following was the most important feature of Satyagraha Movement advocated by Gandhiji? Why did Gandhiji organise Satyagraha in in Kheda district of Gujarat? Gandhiji organised Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act in because a the Act was unjust, which denied the civil rights to Indians.
Why was Satyagraha organised in Champaran in ? Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act? Why did Gandhiji organise a Satyagraha in Ahmedabad Mill in ? Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement? What is meant by begar? What does the term Khalifa refer? How did the invention of printing press prove a deciding factor for the Renaissance movement? Question 9. Who was Michelangelo? Answer: Michelangelo was a great artist of Renaissance. His paintings gave deep interpretation to human life and humanity.
Question Who was Ibn Rushd? Answer: Ibn Rushd was the philosopher of Spain. He made an attempt to resolve the differences between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs. What had the students in universities to do prior to the starting of printing? Answer: Before the start of printing, the students had to read a few hand written copies or texts of manuscript.
It was very difficult to make available every student a copy of that text. Who was Andreas Vaselius? Answer: Andreas Vaselius was a professor of medicine in Padua University. He dissected the human body.
It led to the beginning of modern physiology. What do you understand by realism? Answer: Anatomy, physics, geometry and a sense of beautification gave a new form to Italian art.
Later on, it came to be known as realism. What was the name of the book composed by Jacob? Answer: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. When was humanism adopted in curriculum of the universities in Italy? Answer: Humanism was adopted in curriculum of the universities in Italy during 14th century. What do you understand by classical architecture? Answer: During the period, the Roman history was read and the remains were dug up by archaeologists.
It inspired a new style of architecture that was revival of the imperial Roman style. It was called classical architecture. Who was Thomas Moore? Answer: Thomas Moore was a great writer of England. It was written in Greek before CE. Later it was translated into Arabic. Write any two features of humanist thought. Answer: Two features of humanist thought were:. Who said this and why? Answer: It was said by Machiavelli.
He was of the opinion that human desires are insatiable and he was motivated to face every fair and unfair means to meet them. What kind of impression do you get about the status of women in business families? Answer: Women were very supportive. They co-operated their husbands in every bit of business. In families of merchants and bankers , wives looked after the business when the male members were away on work. What were the thoughts of Balthasar Castiglione?
Answer: Balthasar Castiglione was an author and diplomat. What was the view of German reformers in regard to salvation?
Answer: According to German reformers, salvation can be attained only when all kinds of social oppression is ended. They opined that God has created all people equal and they were not supposed to pay taxes and had the right to choose their priests.
What was the view of the Christians about the earth? Answer: The Christians believed that the earth was at the center of universe around which moved the celestial planets. It was a sinful place. The earth became immobile because of the burden of sin. What was the declaration of Copernicus about the earth? Answer: The Christian society believed that the earth was at the center of universe.
But Copernicus rebutted this belief and told that the earth including all the other heavenly bodies rotate round the sun. What was the concept of Humanism? Answer: Humanism laid stress on the importance of man and his sentiments rather than the religious views. The worldly problems of man should be solved first then men should think about God. Who propounded the theory of earth as part of solar system? Answer: Johannes Kepler propounded this theory.
Kepler in his Cosmographical Mystery demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in circle but in ellipses. Who was the leader of the Protestant Reformation Movement?
What were its chief gospels? Its chief gospels were the following. The church opined that these documents could free man from the burden of the sins that he had committed. By selling these documents, the church was earning money. What virtues were equally necessary for both men and women as per Castiglione?
Answer: As per Castiglione, the following virtues were equally necessary for men and women. Which factors took Italian cities and courts beyond the world?
Answer: Following factors took the cities and the courts of Italy beyond the world:. Mention a few characteristics of Venice and Genoa cities. Answer: Characteristics of Venice and Genoa cities:. Which factors were responsible for the widening of European skills? Do you think that the Renaissance started a new age? The reasons are as follows:. Enlist the names of women intellectually creative during the period of Renaissance in Europe.
Fedele proved that woman can also become a humanist scholar and requested every woman to acquire humanist education. Her writings brought into focus the general regard for education in that age.
Why did the movement break out against the Catholic Church? Answer: The movement broke out against the Catholic Church due to the following reasons:. Which factors led to voyages discoveries? Answer: Following factors led to the voyages discoveries:.
Which factors indicate success of nation-states? Answer: The following points indicate the success of nation-states:. The humanists made distinction between middle age and modern age. Answer: The humanists opined that after the collapse of Roman empire, the dark age had begun.
Later on, scholars followed them and assumed that a new age had begun in Europe from 14th century. They argued that the church had complete control over the people. The period of Modem age started from 15th century. What was the view of Leon Batista Alberti on architect? Answer: According to Alberti, an architect was a professional who beautifully fixed or assembled the parts of architecture and amassed bodies by the varied skilled and unskilled persons. The same is used by mankind for shelter.
His expertise in his work made them immortal. What did William Tyndate say in favor of Protestantism? Answer: William Tyndate said that clergy had forged the process, order and meaning of the ancient texts particularly because it was in Greek and Latin, not accessible to the common man. It was with a view to maintain their authority above the king and even above God himself. William Tyndate even intended to translate the Bible in mother tongue in order to lead the mass with real light.
What was the contribution of Galileo? Answer: It was Galileo who established knowledge distinct from belief. Galileo told that knowledge is based on observation and experiment.
He further told that scientific process is required to know the things in their real forms. He also told that beliefs are based on hearsay, myth, concoction and conjecture which is always untrue. Discuss the important changes that took place during Renaissance. Answer: The important changes that took place during Renaissance was the separation of private and public spheres of life.
According to this change, public sphere was meant by the area of Government and of formal religion while private sphere was confined to the family and personal religion. This way, a man was supposed not to be simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right.
Later on it brought the sense of equal political rights to all individuals. What was Counter Reformation Movement? Answer: Counter Reformation Movement came into being as a result of the Reformation movement.
Many defects had come into Catholicism but the Roman Catholic Church did not pay heed to it. That is why this movement was spreading rapidly. According to the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church tried to reform itself of some of its objectionable practices. For example, now the Bishops were appointed on the basis of ability.
Italian towns were the first to experience the ideas of humanism. Answer: A large number of classics were composed by the Roman and Greek scholars. Due to lack of education, these books remained unread. But during thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, education spread in Italy. After the spread of education these books were translated. These books introduced humanistic views to the people of Italy. Subjects of humanism started to be taught in schools and colleges of Italy.
Anthropology, natural science, astronomy, medicine and mathematics fell under the category of this subject. These were the reasons responsible for Italian towns to experience the ideas of humanism first. What was the political system that emerged in nation-states? Answer: King was the supreme authority. He was considered to be the representative of God on the earth. The king was free from the intervention of pope and the feudal lords. The powerful monarchies had strong courts of appeal.
The courts could challenge and condemn the decisions of the feudal lords. The rich middle classes financed, supported and strengthened the king. What were the effects of Glorious Revolution? Answer: Glorious Revolution occurred in England in Following were the effects of the Glorious Revolution:. Answer: Emergence of nation-states established humanism. The nation-states also struck a death blow to the feudal system.
These states led the people on their way to social, economic and political growth. They united the people belonging to a common culture. These states were able to promote the spirit of nationalism by releasing their people from the clutches of the Pope and the priests. Write the contributions of Leonardo-da-Vinci. Answer: Leonardo-da-Vinci was a great artist of Italy. He was very talented. Vinci was a poet, singer, painter, sculptor, philosopher, scientist and engineer. He knew many languages During Renaissance period , he painted many pictures.
These paintings are still admired throughout the world. Discuss the underlying principles of presumptions constituting independent city states in Italy.
Answer: The government in those city states was of democratic type whereas government of Venice city was republican. Some others were court cities ruled by princess. Underlying principles of constituting these city-states can be summed up as under:. Discuss the different scientific aspects reflected in the works of sixteenth century Italian artists. Answer: Following facts reflect the different scientific aspects in the works of Italian artists:.
What were the demerits of the nation-states? Answer: The nation-states were established in the Renaissance period. These states were governed by a strong political ruler. These states used to keep themselves free from all kinds of interference, i. Following were the demerits of the nation-states:. Describe the changes brought by the Renaissance in the contemporary life of the people. Answer: Renaissance brought the following changes in the contemporary life of the people:.
How did the Italian culture revive after the fall of Western Roman empire? Answer: There were some changes that took place after the fall of Western Roman empire.
These changes revived the culture of Italy. After the fall of Western Roman empire, political and cultural centres in Italy were destroyed. There was no unified government at that time. Italy was a weak and divided country. Pope was sovereign in his own state but not quite strong in European politics. Regions of Western Europe were reshaped by feudal relations. These regions were unified under the Latin church. The Byzantine empire brought changes in Eastern Europe. A common civilization was being created by Islam in the west.
The above-mentioned changes were responsible for bringing about the revival of Italian culture. The seventeenth century Europeans witnessed the world as different. What were the causes of Renaissance in Western Europe? Answer: Following were the main causes of Renaissance in Western Europe:. What were the main characteristics of Renaissance?
Renaissance resulted in coming out of nation-states out of darkness of medieval ages. Because of Renaissance, these nation-states saw the light of modern era. Men became rational and scientific in their approach. New ideas and style came into prominence.
The main characteristics of Renaissance are as follows:. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote about human nature in the fifteenth chapter of his book, The Prince So, leaving aside imaginary things, and referring only to those which truly exist, I say that whenever men are discussed and especially princes, who are more exposed to view , they are noted for various qualities which earn them either praise or condemnation.
Some, for example, are held to be generous, and others miserly. Some are held to be benefactors, others are called grasping; some cruel, some compassionate; one man faithless, another faithful; one man effeminate and cowardly, another fierce and courageous; one man courteous, another proud; one man lascivious, another pure; one guileless, another crafty; one stubborn, another flexible; one grave, another frivolous; one religious, another sceptical; and so forth.
The most powerful motive Machiavelli saw as the incentive for every human action is self-interest. Questions i Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? Answers i Niccolo Machiavelli was a famous historian of Florence. He is regarded as the Father of the Modern Political Science. In it, he described the political problems of that period which Italy had to face. He also laid the principles of administration. The most powerful motive for every action is self-interest.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola , a humanist of Florence, wrote on the importance of debate in On the Dignity of Man For [Plato and Aristotle] it was certain that, for the attainment of the knowledge of truth they were always seeking for themselves, nothing is better than to attend as often as possible the exercise of debate.
For just as bodily energy is strengthened by gymnastic exercise, so beyond doubt in this wrestling-place of letters, as it were, energy of mind becomes far stronger and more vigorous.
Questions: i What do you know about Giovanni Pico della Mirandola? What did he write? For Plato and Aristotle, it was certain that, for the attainment of the knowledge of truth they were always seeking for themselves, nothing is better than to attend as often as possible the exercise of debate.
Because I had perceived by experience, how that it was impossible to establish the lay-people in any truth, except the scripture were plainly laid before their eyes in their mother- tongue, that they might see the process, order, and meaning of the text.
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