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Halophytes plants that grow in very salty soil where the salt concentration is higher than that in the plant have root cells which concentrate a lot of salts in them and enable then to take in water by osmosis succulent roots to store water have pneumatophores breathing roots to take in oxygen some have buttress roots for support secrete excess salt by use of salt glands have large airspaces in leaves and stems for buoyancy and to store air capable of photosynthesis at low light intensities e.
The chemicals are residual and persistent not easily broken down and bring depletion of the ozone layer smoke and fumes produced in areas withheavy industries, motor vehicles, fires which bum fuel, oil, wood and coal cause carbon ii oxide, poisoning affect respiratory systems and affect visibility particles in smoke and fumes settle on leaves and stop photosynthesis carbon iv oxide causes green house effect which causes temperature inversion as a result of heating the lower layers of atmosphere sound and noise produced incessantly by machines, aeroplanes and heavy vehicles affect hearing in animals dust from cement factories, quarries, dust roads settles on leaves limiting photosynthesis removal of vegetation interferes with carbon cycle radio-active emissions from nuclear reactors, mines and bombs cause cancer, mutations and death.
Control of air pollution use of lead free petrol in motor vehicles, air craft, aeroplanes and petroleum engines uses of smokeless fuels and electricity filtration, dissolution and use of chemicals to remove harmful gases factories should be erected far away from residential areas use of tall chimneys reduce volume or intensity of sound e. It also leads to reduction of algae which causes reduction of consumers i.
Human feaces causes eutrophication, carbon IV oxide produced by decomposition of faecal matter changes pH of water interferes with photosynthesis and may clog fish gills or block light penetration which interferes with producers thereby decreasing productivity. The acid rain alters soil pH therefore affecting plants that cannot tolerate acidic soil most aerosols sprayed to control pests and diseases precipitate in the soil and are taken up by plants which make its concentration many times higher, increasing the toxicity in the plants which absorb them petroleum products due to spillage by oil tankers making it impossible for plant roots to obtain oxygen in oil saturated soils, therefore plants are killed agrochemicals and inorganic fertilizers contain heavy metals that are not used up by plants and eventually soil microorganisms cannot inhabit the soils organic matter slows down, life ceases and soil becomes exhausted community, household wastes and industrial wastes disposal is a major problem in big towns and cities.
The plants block light from reaching plants underneath hence no photosynthesis The plants die and decompose leading to lack of oxygen hence animals also die c Describe the symptoms, mode of transmission and control of cholera, typhoid, malaria and amoebic dysentery in humans Cholera causative agent Vibrio cholerae bacterium Transmission Contaminated food or water Spread by flies from faeces Symptoms Intestinal pain Diarrhea Vomiting Dehydration Control Proper hygiene e.
Mode of transmission through ingestion of contaminated food live in intestines ii. Adaptations thick cuticle which protects it against digestion lays many eggs to ensure survival mouthparts for sucking partly digested food lack of elaborate alimentary canal tolerant to low oxygen concentration two hosts to ensure survival eggs have protective cover to ensure survival in adverse environments iv. Control and prevention proper sanitation wash hand after defaecation and before eating e Discuss schistosoma under the following sub-headings i.
Mode of transmission through contaminated water in swamps, etc ii. Effects on host bleeding in lungs blood stained urine unthriftiness iii. Threadlike structures found in nucleus of a cell. The units called genes Genes are factors that cause inheritance or determine characteristics of offspring c i What is mitosis? A type of cell division that occurs during growth leading to increase in number of cells all cells maintain the same chromosome constitution i.
Free central placentation edges of carpels fuse together dividing was disappears leaving one loculus placenta appears at base of ovary has numerous ovules c i How are fruits grouped? It also causes graafian follicle to change into corpus luteum.
Growth continues throughout the life of the plant. Here the growth involves increases in the number of parts. Growth take place during definite seasons. Growing pattern is distinct each species. Plant possess well-defined growing regions.
A seedling does not resemble an adult plant. A juvenile stage with distinct may be present in the life-history of a plant. Growth is by addition of new parts ahead or around the older ones. Animal Growth: 1. Growth takes place for definite periods before maturity. Here it does not involve increase in the number of parts. Each species has a distinct season for growth. Growing pattern is absent. They have no such defined growing regions. The young one are identical to adults except in the body size and sexual maturity.
A juvenile stage with different morphology does not occur in higher animal. Growth is diffused by all round increases in different organs of the body. Check and ensure that your question has not been asked and answered in the enquiries appearing beneath the form. Enter the title of your question. Close Help. Subscribe to our online coaching program to see the Static Electricity experiment or how to create quicksand.
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Registration done! Inspite lying in the rain shadow area, the Deccan Plateau and parts of Madhya Pradesh also receive some amount of rainfall. Areas of Maximum and Least Rainfall The maximum rainfall of this season is received by the North-Eastern part of the country. The highest average rainfall in the world falls at Mawsynram in the Southern ranges of the Khasi hills in Meghalaya.
In the Northern plains precipitation decreases from East to West, with Western parts of Rajasthan and Northern parts of Gujarat getting the least rainfall. It has wet and dry spells i. These breaks in monsoon are related to the movement of monsoon trough. The axis of the monsoon trough in the Northern plains keeps moving North to South and back, causing periodic breaks in rainfall.
Due to this, it has wet and dry spells. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed as rainless intervals. Monsoon Trough The trough and its axis keep on moving Northward or Southward which determines the spatial distribution of rainfall. When the axis of the trough Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Geography Chapter 4 System lies over the plains, the region gets good rainfall. With the Northward movement of axis, the Himalayan region gets widespread rain which is the catchment area of various rivers.
This causes devastating floods in the plains causing heavy damage to life and property. Tropical Depression Another phenomenon, which determines amount and Suration of the monsoon, is the frequency and intensity of tropical depression which form at the head of the Bay of Bengal and cross over to mainland. During this time, the low pressure trough over the Northern plains weakens and is replaced gradually by a high-pressure system.
This is followed by the South-West monsoon winds. By the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the Northern plains. The months of October-November form a transition period from hot rainy to dry winter conditions.
Features of Retreating Monsoon The characteristic features of retreating monsoon are The period is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. Due to the temperature still remaining high and humidity not reducing, the heat is oppressive. This phenomenon is also called October heat. It causes tropical cyclones on the coastline from Bangladesh to Tamil Nadu as low-pressure conditions get transferred to the Bay of Bengal.
These cyclones generally cross the Eastern coast of India causing heavy and widespread rain. Often they cause a lot of destruction. Sometimes, these cyclones arrive at the coasts of Odisha, West Bengal and Bangladesh. These cyclones frequently strike the populated deltas of the Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
The Coromandel coast gets its monsoon rainfall mostly during October and November from the cyclones and due to the retreating monsoon picking up moisture over the Bay of Bengal. However, it is less than 60 cm in Western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.
Rainfall is equally low in the interior of the Deccan Plateau and East of the Sahyadris. A third area of low precipitation is around Leh in Jammu and Kashmir.
The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall. Snowfall, is restricted to the Himalayan region. Owing to the nature of monsoons, the annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year.
Variability is high in the regions of low rainfall such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats. Due to this, the areas of high rainfall are liable to be affected by floods whereas, areas of low rainfall are drought-prone.
Monsoon as a Unifying Bond Northern India has comparatively higher temperatures than other areas of the world at a similar latitude due to the Himalayas protecting it from the cold Central Asian winds. The peninsular plateau has moderate temperatures due to the influence of the sea on three sides.
The monsoon provides a great variation despite such moderating influences. However, the monsoon unites the land like no other force, because it provides a rhythmic cycle of seasons. The vegetation, animal life and agricultural activities are all revolving around the effects of the monsoon. The life of the people, their celebration of festivals and other activities all are geared to the monsoon as India is still primarily an agricultural nation.
The monsoon provides the water to set agricultural activities in motion and hence, the arrival of the monsoon is awaited eagerly.
The river valleys which carry this water also unite as single river valley unit. Summary Climate is the sum total of the weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time, generally more than 30 years. Various elements of weather and climate are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.
The climate of any place is controlled by latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features. High mountain by blocking the rain-bearing winds helps in causing rainfall in windward side of mountain. The atmospheric conditions which govern the climate and weather condition of India are-pressure and surface winds, upper air circulation, western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclone.
Coriolis force which is generated by the rotation of the earth is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in Northern hemisphere and towards the left in Southern hemisphere. South-West monsoon winds are South-East trade winds of Southern hemisphere which after crossing equator, become South-Western trade winds due to rightward deflection by Coriolis force.
As they blow over warm ocean, they cause rainfall in Indian sub-continent. Jet streams are fast blowing winds moving in the upper atmosphere. Shallow cyclonic depressions originating over the Mediterranean sea are known as Western disturbances. They cause winter rainfall in-North Western parts of India. It refers to the reasonal reversal in wind direction throughout the year. The sudden and continuous rain associated with violent thunder and lightning is called Burst of monsoon.
It occurs around the time of arrival of monsoon. EL Nino is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian coast in place of cold Peruvian current every 2 to 5 years.
Cold weather, hot weather, advancing monsoon and retreating monsoon are four-main seasons in India.
The cold weather season is associated with clear sky, low temperature, low humidity and feeble, variable wind. Due to the moderating influence of sea, the peninsular region does not have a well defined cold season. Loo is hot and dry winds blowing during the day over the North and North-Western India in the summer season.
Kaal Baisakhi is a pre-monsoon shower in West Bengal. This localised thunderstorm of the summer season is associated with violent winds, torrential downpours and is often accompanied by hail.
It is located in Southern range of Khasi hills in Meghalaya. Monsoon occurs in dry and wet spells. The monsoon trough is the intense and elongated low-pressure area, which develops over North-Western India. The pre-monsoon shower in coastal Karnataka and Kerala is called Mango shower. It helps in early ripening of Mangoes. The hot and humid condition which makes the weather oppressive is called October heat. It occurs towards the end of retreating monsoon in the month of October.
With a rhythmic cycle of seasons, in which people celebrate many festivals and do other activities, the monsoon unites the Indian sub-continent and acts as a unifying bond.
If you have any query regarding Climate Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.
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