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09.04.2021, adminAll rights reserved. Use of this site indicates your consent to the Terms of Use. By logging into your account, you agree to our Terms of Use and Pontoon boat plans quotes Policyand to the use of cookies as described. Members List. Mark Forums Read. Vendor Directory. Welcome to the updated THT! If you are having trouble signing in, please pontoon boat plans quotes feedback thehulltruth.
We thank you for your patience as we pontoon boat plans quotes you access the new site! The Boating Forum. Thread Tools. Received 1 Like on 1 Pontoon boat plans quotes. My priorities are Reliability, then Quality Comfort then Performance.
I like the Bennington from a comfortable quality perspective but I need expert confirmation. They are in w the 3. Help out a new boater w your thoughts. View Public Profile. Send a private message to BrianE. Find More Posts by Pontoon boat plans quotes. Eddy from Arkansas. Likes: 1. Received 22 Likes on 5 Posts. Originally Posted by BrianE. BrianENJB. Send a private message to Eddy from Arkansas. Find More Posts by Eddy from Arkansas.
Admirals Club. Likes: Pontoon boat plans quotes 59 Likes on 42 Posts. I would go with a full length center pontoon, that way the pontoon boat plans quotes from the outboard are carried throughout the boat. It must be cheaper to manufacturer but I don't see why.
BrianEDavidJassman. Send a private message to willy Find More Posts by willy I'm on my second Bennington. They may cost a little more but you will not be disappointed. A lot of the quality is underneath where you can't see it. Lookup some of their manufacturing videos on Youtube. They also hold their value pretty. Last May I sold my Bennington for exactly what I paid for it new in That is the only reason I have a newer boat.
Otherwise I was very happy pontoon boat plans quotes my If you're ordering one new from factory as opposed to purchasing off dealer lot you may have to wait several months as they are typically backed up.
I've heard the storms in Florida last summer may cause an even longer wait time for orders as demand may be up. Go to the forums on club. It's a pontoon boat plans quotes of Bennington owners and they pontoon boat plans quotes more than happy to answer questions and help you spend your money.
Send a private message to marcrusso. Find More Posts by marcrusso. Received Likes on Posts. Send a private message to freedbaby.
Find More Posts by freedbaby. Received 51 Likes on 42 Posts. Send a private message to Dossmarine. Visit Dossmarine's homepage! Find More Posts by Dossmarine. Another one for Bennington quality. From the vinyl to the tubes they use quality materials that.
Send a private message to billablehours. Find More Posts by billablehours. Senior Member. Received 9, Likes on 5, Posts. A tritoon with a will be limited on performance. Definitely want a model with lifting pontoon boat plans quotes. An extra tube by itself doesn't get it. As soon as you get full size people on it, especially if they ride up front, there will be minimal difference between it and a pontoon boat plans quotes boat.
No experience with Southbay. Bennington and Crest are both good manufacturers. Main difference, the "cheap" end of the Bennington line is a pretty good step up from the cheap end of the Crest line. Both make great mid - high end boats. On the furniture, I agree with upgrading the quality. Don't add a lot of stuff. Sinks. Just added weight, and one more thing to winterize. Not sure if you are coming from another boat or not.
Before you go with a 2 tube vs tritoon, rent both, or water test. HUGE difference. If you want to cover any ground at all, forget the pontoon. Putting around a small lake they are OK. Otherwise they are miserably slow. BrianEjeffsw. Send a private message to autobaun Find More Posts by autobaun Likes: 2. Premier and Berkshire Pontoons. I've always thought Premier built a great pontoon - haven't owned one but have looked at them at shows and was impressed.
Pontoon boat plans quotes is good as. What about Berkshire too? Those would be the 3 I would look at if I were in the market for one. Have fun and good luck, you will have years of enjoyment out of it. Like others have said, get max or very close to max horsepower on the rig you choose. Send a private message to rammbo. Find More Posts by rammbo. Received 19 Likes on 16 Posts. We have a 26' Avalon tritoon with a Merc on the.
The boat will take abut for our useage that seemed like overkill. The boat stays in ta slip and is bottom painted and will top our around knots. We cruise all day at knows and it is very efficient. It is also very capable of towing toons and skiers. Would I like the ?
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This means you can transform the small space to whatever configuration you need. It offers enough space for the dining table and kitchenette. Most of the modular components can double as outdoor furniture. The back hatch can be kept open to allow cool air circulation and natural light. Finally, a camper is easier to tow and takes less effort to maintain. Looking at construction, you can be sure the camper will serve you for many years.
The exterior is made of a fiberglass shell that comes in a wide range of finishes. Not to mention, the rugged materials can withstand any elements for the ultimate camping experience. Depending on the model you choose, you can get a shower and a bathroom all in one unit. This light camper is packed with a complete bathroom among other amenities to make your camping experience a memorable one. As a towable camper, the Jayco Hummingbird will prove convenient to your expeditions.
This camper is fitted with a compact kitchen, a Murphy bed, and plenty of storage spaces. This ensures that you can easily prepare your meals and carry tonnes of gear with you as you camp. The ultra-light characteristic of this travel trailer enables it to be effectively towed by an SUV or a pickup truck. Jayco Hummingbird trailer also includes a skylight thus unlimited integration with nature. This is one of the reasons for making this travel trailer outstanding and adorable in equal measures.
Additionally, you can easily carry bicycles on this trailer. This is a feat yet to be achieved by many camping trailers. Choosing this trailer over many others out there will never disappoint. The kitchen, equipped with a gas hob, drawers for all your utensils, and a fridge will also ensure that fresh meals are always prepared. With this travel trailer, you can be sure nothing will be compromised in terms of comfort or even luxury.
The Somerset Mesa is a folding pop-up camper that can be enjoyed just about anywhere that you travel. It has all the modern amenities that you need to host people, cook, serve lunch, dinner, and more. This trusted pop-up camper has all the amenities you need.
As for the inside of this pop-up camper, expect to host at least eight adults. And there is plenty of storage, albeit a compact type. And with the Somerset Mesa, the mesh screening can be adjusted depending on the heat of the summer or late spring as you enjoy life outdoors.
And when it comes to safety, the Somerset Mesa has a carbon monoxide detector. We like this pop-up camper for its perfect outside grill for those fishing types who like to cook up the fresh catch of the day.
Small, but relatively lightweight compared to other travel trailers, it has plenty of amenities that would make you feel comfortable at an RV park, a campsite, or in the woods on private property. When it comes Pontoon Boat Duck Blind Plans Co. Ltd to towing, the KZ Escape is very easy to tow. This trusty trailer stays true to its name, but with plenty of options that a modern house would have. You can still embrace the modern life with space for a flat-screen TV, cable TV hookups, a comfortable queen bed, a maple kitchen with a two-burner gas cooktop, and beautiful countertops.
And there is plenty of examples that will make you believe you are living in a regular house. With the KZ Escape Mini Trailer, you can also enjoy your privacy with tinted windows and lovely pleated window shades add to the style.
Each of these versions has its own social amenities and customizations. Plus, the KZ RV app allows you to stay state-of-the-art, with checklists for camping trips, RV maintenance tracking, and more. There are several benefits to choosing a tiny travel trailer over something much larger.
Despite the compact dimensions, a mini travel trailer can contain almost everything that there larger brethren do, albeit often at a scaled-down version. The ongoing costs are also significantly less.
The gas used while towing, repairs, camping site fees, and insurance is often much better for mini RV travel trailers. Looking for the best deal possible when buying a small travel trailer for sale is absolutely the right thing to do.
Even small campers or travel trailers can cost a significant amount of money, so putting the effort in to secure a good price is well worth the effort. There should be no such thing as dealer loyalty. Shop around, take a look at as many dealers as possible as well as online.
Knowing that you can secure a small camper for one price will put you in a much better position to negotiate with other dealers.
They should work to get your money, you are the customer after all. There is often a conception that new items are likely to have fewer issues, that they may last longer, and will require less maintenance. Buying a used or nearly new small camper can save you a significant amount of money. Brands spend significant amounts of money and resources into securing your brand loyalty.
We all have our favorite smartphones, cars, or even toothpaste. However, at the end of the day, small campers all provide a means to an end. Just like cars, small campers tend to have a range of optional extras that are designed to improve the comfort and functionality of your small RV, but they also increase the price.
Think of it as a home that always has a DIY project that can be completed. Often the final cost is less than half of buying new. Financing can turn what looks to be a great deal into a money sink. Rates largely depend on market rates and trends are closely linked to the auto industry.
Even though the term timeshare might send shivers up your spine, take a second to imagine that concept applied to small campers. If you have a group of friends or like-minded acquaintances why not club together to buy your dream tiny RV. By working together you can split all the costs, including maintenance. The season can have a significant impact on how much you end up paying for your RV.
Generally, during the offseason or when a new model is about to be released is the best time to buy a small camper. You can check out our in-depth guide on the best time of the year to buy an RV here. A dry bath is what most people will have at home.
The toilet, shower, sink, and shower are all in their own designated area. A wet bath adds all those elements into a single waterproof area. So, when you see a wet bath on the sales literature, know that shower, toilet and sink will all be contained in a single waterproof area. Small campers will weigh an average of 2, lbs. This can vary a great deal from camper to camper, with some weighing under 1, lbs, while others weigh in excess of 3, lbs.
Newer models will likely cost more, while older models will cost less. This really depends on how many appliances you need to run. If like me you like to spend some time in the outdoors for weeks at a time, a few small luxuries can go a long way. You can quite comfortably live, sleep, cook, and shower and toilet in a camper that quite comfortably fits into a standard garage.
The only prerequisite is knowing what to look for and where to find them. If you liked this article, you might also like to check out our other travel trailer recommendations here or learn more about RVs here. Com And Affiliate Sites. Terms and Conditions - Privacy Policy. About Contact Us Affiliate Disclosure.
Table of Contents. Casita Travel Trailers Spirit Deluxe Trailer Summary Exterior fitted volt outlet A battery pack rated for 12 volts A lockable freshwater fill The option of connecting to city water Exterior lighting.
It has our vote for one of the best small campers with bathrooms. Barefoot Caravans Summary The mini DAB Radio The curtains you can choose to have these made to your own specs or choose one of the available options based on your fabric choices The color of the kitchen or bathroom walls The seat cushions, which can be either vinyl or fabric Adaptable seating area that can be converted into a sleeping area Plenty of wardrobe and cupboard space for all your belongings Attractive roof lighting Polycarbonate windows made from recycled materials Built-in fridge freezer with enough space for a small family.
If you love podcasts like me, this might be right up your street. Weather-resistant outdoor and indoor furniture Fully wallpapered Towing it is a piece of cake The Elite range is known to be sporty, eye-catching, colorful, and for their compact dimensions.
However, despite its size, the Elite manages to pack some great features into its footprint. Airstream Sport Summary Aircon and heating strips Powerful integrated fan for maximum air circulation Branded and matching dinette sets Essential items such as microwave, fridge, gas-powered stove and oven Sink covers that double as cutting boards Full blackout window covers Extreme visibility front windows A built-in HD TV with sound system Reinforced windows with dark tinting Reflective and insulated room for increased temperature control Extensive awning Easily used inlet for freshwater Hot and cold exterior shower Hookup for cable TV For nearly a century, Airstream has been producing vehicles with the traveler in mind.
The Sport boasts several fantastic features. Little Guy Mini Max Summary It has large, insulated dual pane windows that open up to ninety degrees, thus allowing for an amazing view, enough lighting, and aeration. It comes with air conditioning. It has an open furnace. Large fridge with double doors. Spacious walnut cabinets and pantry. Large sink with a pull-down faucet.
Wardrobe with enough room for clothes. It has a wet bath with an electric water heater. Has a solar panel to provide power for your little guy minimax. A touch screen TV. An open furnace to keep you warm at night.
A front kitchen with a six-gallon gas and microwave. The rotating dinette tabletop allows you to enjoy a meal in comfort. It has comfortable beds that you can pull out whenever you need some rest. Here is why it stands out: The little guy minimax is super convenient for you and your family or friends for when you are planning on having outdoor fun, like camping.
It also features an expendable metal decking allowing you more space to pack your bikes, and extra recreation gears, etc. Stereo system. On the system, is also a USB port that allows you to charge your mobile devices, etc. Adventure master. Built for luxury.
On the front end is a king-size bed for your leisure. At the back end, the shelter is also queen size bed to give you unmatched comfort for your vacation partners. Despite this lack of stability, she was ordered to sea and foundered only a few minutes after encountering a wind stronger than a breeze.
The order to sail was the result of a combination of factors. At the same time the king's subordinates lacked the political courage to openly discuss the ship's problems or to have the maiden voyage postponed. An inquiry was organised by the Swedish Privy Council to find those responsible for the disaster, but in the end no one was punished.
During the recovery, thousands of artifacts and the remains of at least 15 people were found in and around Vasa ' s hull by marine archaeologists. Among the many items found were clothing, weapons, cannons, tools, coins, cutlery, food, drink and six of the ten sails.
The artifacts and the ship herself have provided scholars with invaluable insights into details of naval warfare, shipbuilding techniques and everyday life in early 17th-century Sweden. Today Vasa is the world's best preserved 17th century ship and the most visited museum in Scandinavia. During the 17th century, Sweden went from being a sparsely populated, poor, and peripheral northern European kingdom of little influence to one of the major powers in continental politics.
Between and it was the dominant power in the Baltic , eventually gaining territory that encompassed the Baltic on all sides. This rise to prominence in international affairs and increase in military prowess, called stormaktstiden "age of greatness" or "great power period" , was made possible by a succession of able monarchs and the establishment of a powerful centralised government, supporting a highly efficient military organization.
Swedish historians have described this as one of the more extreme examples of an early modern state using almost all of its available resources to wage war; the small northern kingdom transformed itself into a fiscal-military state and one of the most militarised states in history. Gustavus Adolphus � has been considered one of the most successful Swedish kings in terms of success in warfare.
When Vasa was built, he had been in power for more than a decade. Sweden was embroiled in a war with Poland-Lithuania , and looked apprehensively at the development of the Thirty Years' War in present-day Germany. The war had been raging since and from a Protestant perspective it was not successful. The king's plans for a Polish campaign and for securing Sweden's interests required a strong naval presence in the Baltic.
The navy suffered several severe setbacks during the s. In , a squadron cruising in the Bay of Riga was caught in a storm and ten ships ran aground and were wrecked. In the Battle of Oliwa in , a Swedish squadron was outmaneuvered and defeated by a Polish force and two large ships were lost.
Tigern "The Tiger" , which was the Swedish admiral's flagship, was captured by the Poles, and Solen "The Sun" was blown up by her own crew when it was boarded and nearly captured. In , three more large ships were lost in less than a month; Admiral Klas Fleming 's flagship Kristina was wrecked in a storm in the Gulf of Danzig , Riksnyckeln "Key of the Realm" ran aground at Viksten in the southern archipelago of Stockholm and Vasa foundered on her maiden voyage.
Gustavus Adolphus was engaged in naval warfare on several fronts, which further exacerbated the difficulties of the navy. In addition to battling the Polish navy, the Swedes were indirectly threatened by Imperial forces that had invaded Jutland.
The Swedish king had little sympathy for the Danish king, Christian IV , and Denmark and Sweden had been bitter enemies for well over a century. However, Sweden feared a Catholic conquest of Copenhagen and Zealand.
This would have granted the Catholic powers control over the strategic passages between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea , which would be disastrous for Swedish interests. Until the early 17th century, the Swedish navy was composed primarily of small to medium-sized ships with a single gundeck, normally armed with pounder and smaller cannons; these ships were cheaper than larger ships and were well-suited for escort and patrol.
They also suited the prevailing tactical thinking within the navy, which emphasised boarding as the decisive moment in a naval battle rather than gunnery. The king, who was a keen artillerist, saw the potential of ships as gun platforms, and large, heavily armed ships made a more dramatic statement in the political theater of naval power.
Beginning with Vasa , he ordered a series of ships with two full gundecks, outfitted with much heavier guns. These ships, especially Kronan and Scepter , were much more successful and served as flagships in the Swedish navy until the s. The only significant difference between the design of Vasa and her sister ship was an increase in width of about a metre 3.
On 16 January , Master Henrik and business partner Arendt de Groote signed a contract to build four ships, two with a keel of around feet 41 m and two smaller ones of feet 33 m. As they prepared to begin the first of the new ships in the autumn of , Henrik corresponded with the king through Vice Admiral Klas Fleming about which ship to build first. The loss of ten ships in the Bay of Riga led the king to propose building two ships of a new, medium size as a quick compromise, and he sent a specification for this, a ship which would be feet Henrik declined, since he had already cut the timber for a large and a small ship.
He laid the keel for a larger ship in late February or early March He died in the spring of , probably about the same time as the ship was launched.
After launching, work continued on finishing the upper deck, the sterncastle, the beakhead and the rigging. Sweden had still not developed a sizeable sailcloth industry, and material had to be ordered from abroad. In the contract for the maintenance of rigging, French sailcloth was specified, but the cloth for the sails of Vasa most likely came from Holland.
The rigging was made entirely of hemp imported from Latvia through Riga. The king visited the shipyard in January and made what was probably his only visit aboard the ship. Thirty men ran back and forth across the upper deck to start the ship rolling, but the admiral stopped the test after they had made only three trips, as he feared the ship would capsize.
Gustavus Adolphus had been sending a steady stream of letters insisting that the ship put to sea as soon as possible. There has been much speculation about whether Vasa was lengthened during construction and whether an additional gun deck was added late during the build. Little evidence suggests that Vasa was substantially modified after the keel was laid. Ships contemporary to Vasa that were elongated were cut in half and new timbers spliced between the existing sections, making the addition readily identifiable, but no such addition can be identified in the hull, nor is there any evidence for any late additions of a second gundeck.
The king ordered seventy-two pound guns for the ship on 5 August , and this was too many to fit on a single gun deck. Since the king's order was issued less than five months after construction started, it would have come early enough for the second deck to be included in the design.
The French Galion du Guise , the ship used as a model for Vasa , according to Arendt de Groote, also had two gun decks. Vasa was an early example of a warship with two full gun decks, and was built when the theoretical principles of shipbuilding were still poorly understood.
There is no evidence that Henrik Hybertsson had ever built a ship like it before, and two gundecks is a much more complicated compromise between seaworthiness and firepower than a single gundeck.
Safety margins at the time were also far below anything that would be acceptable today. Combined with the fact that 17th-century warships were built with intentionally high superstructures to be used as firing platforms , this made Vasa a risky undertaking.
Vasa was built during a time of transition in naval tactics, from an era when boarding was still one of the primary ways of fighting enemy ships to an era of the strictly organised ship-of-the-line and a focus on victory through superior gunnery. Vasa was armed with powerful guns and built with a high stern, which would act as a firing platform in boarding actions for some of the soldiers it was supposed to carry, but the high-sided hull and narrow upper deck were not optimised for boarding.
It was neither the largest ship ever built, nor the one carrying the greatest number of guns. What made her arguably the most powerful warship of the time was the combined weight of shot that could be fired from the cannon of one side: pounds kg , excluding stormstycken , guns used for firing anti-personnel ammunition instead of solid shot.
This was the largest concentration of artillery in a single warship in the Baltic at the time, perhaps in all of northern Europe, and it was not until the s that a ship with more firepower was built. This large amount of naval artillery was placed on a ship that was quite small relative to the armament carried.
By comparison, USS Constitution , a frigate built by the United States years after Vasa , had roughly the same firepower, but was over tonnes heavier. The Constitution , however, belonged to a later era of naval warfare that employed the line of battle -tactic, where ships fought in single file or line ahead while the group as a whole attempted to present the batteries of one side toward the enemy.
The guns would be aimed in the same direction and fire could be concentrated on a single target. In the 17th century, tactics involving organised formations of large fleets had still not been developed. Rather, ships would fight individually or in small improvised groups, and focused on boarding. Vasa , though possessing a formidable battery, was built with these tactics in mind, and therefore lacked a unified broadside with guns that were all aimed in roughly the same direction.
Rather, the guns were intended to be fired independently and were arranged according to the curvature of the hull, meaning that the ship would be bristled with artillery in all directions, covering virtually all angles. Naval gunnery in the 17th century was still in its infancy. Guns were expensive and had a much longer lifespan than any warship.
Guns with a lifetime of over a century were not unheard of, while most warships would be used for only 15 to 20 years.
In Sweden and many other European countries, a ship would normally not "own" its guns, but would be issued armament from the armory for every campaign season. Ships were therefore usually fitted with guns of very diverse age and size. What allowed Vasa to carry so much firepower was not merely that an unusually large number of guns were crammed into a relatively small ship, but also that the 46 main pounder guns were of a new and standardised lightweight design, cast in a single series at the state gun foundry in Stockholm, under the direction of the Swiss-born founder Medardus Gessus.
Two additional pounders, of a heavier and older design, were mounted in the bows, the so-called bow chasers. Four more heavy guns were intended for the stern, but the cannon foundry could not cast guns as fast as the navy yard could build ships, and Vasa waited nearly a year after construction was finished for its armament. When the ship sailed in August , eight of the planned armament of 72 guns had still not been delivered.
All cannons during this time had to be made from individually made moulds that could not be reused, but Vasa's guns had such uniform precision in their manufacturing that their primary dimensions varied by only a few millimetres, and their bores were almost exactly mm 5. The remaining armament of Vasa consisted of eight 3-pounders, six large caliber stormstycken similar to what the English called howitzers for use during boarding actions, and two 1-pound falconets.
Also included on board were kilograms 1, lb of gunpowder and over 1, shot of various types for the guns. As was the custom with warships at the time, parts of Vasa were decorated with sculptures. Residues of paint have been found on many sculptures and on other parts of the ship. The entire ornamentation was once painted in vivid colors.
The sides of the beakhead the protruding structure below the bowsprit , the bulwarks the protective railing around the weather deck , the roofs of the quarter galleries , and the background of the transom the flat surface at the stern of the ship were all painted red, while the sculptures were decorated in bright colors, and the dazzling effect of these was in some places emphasised with gold leaf.
Vasa is an example not so much of the heavily gilded sculptures of early Baroque art but rather "the last gasps of the medieval sculpture tradition" with its fondness for gaudy colors, in a style that today would be considered extravagant or even vulgar. The sculptures are carved out of oak , pine or linden , and many of the larger pieces, like the huge 3-metre 10 ft long figurehead lion, consist of several parts carved individually and fitted together with bolts.
Close to sculptures, most of which are concentrated on the high stern and its galleries and on the beakhead, are found on the ship.
On the transom are biblical and nationalistic symbols and images. A particularly popular motif is the lion, which can be found as mascarons originally fitted on the insides of the gunport doors, grasping the royal coat of arms on either side, the figurehead, and even clinging to the top of the rudder. Each side of the beakhead originally had 20 figures though only 19 have actually been found that depicted Roman emperors from Tiberius to Septimius Severus.
Overall, almost all heroic and positive imagery is directly or indirectly identified with the king and was originally intended to glorify him as a wise and powerful ruler. The only actual portrait of the king, however, is located at the very top of the transom in the stern.
Here he is depicted as a young boy with long, flowing hair, being crowned by two griffins representing the king's father, Charles IX.
A team of at least six expert sculptors worked for a minimum of two years on the sculptures, most likely with the assistance of an unknown number of apprentices and assistants. Other accomplished artists, like Hans Clausink, Johan Didrichson Tijsen or Thessen in Swedish and possibly Marcus Ledens, are known to have been employed for extensive work at the naval yards at the time Vasa was built, but their respective styles are not distinct enough to associate them directly with any specific sculptures.
The artistic quality of the sculptures varies considerably, and about four distinct styles can be identified. These include some of the most important and prestigious pieces: the figurehead lion, the royal coat of arms, and the sculpture of the king at the top of the transom.
Two of the other styles are described as "elegant The fourth and last style, deemed clearly inferior to the other three, is described as "stiff and ungainly" [29] and was done by other carvers, perhaps even apprentices, of lesser skill. The day was calm, and the only wind was a light breeze from the southwest. The ship was warped hauled by anchor along the eastern waterfront of the city to the southern side of the harbor, where four sails were set, and the ship made way to the east.
The gun ports were open, and the guns were out to fire a salute as the ship left Stockholm. The sheets were cast off, and the ship slowly righted herself as the gust passed.
At Tegelviken, where there is a gap in the bluffs, an even stronger gust again forced the ship onto its port side, this time pushing the open lower gunports under the surface, allowing water to rush in onto the lower gundeck. The water building up on the deck quickly exceeded the ship's minimal ability to right itself, and water continued to pour in until it ran down into the hold; the ship quickly sank to a depth of 32 m ft only m ft from shore.
Survivors clung to debris or the upper masts, which were still above the surface. Many nearby boats rushed to their aid, but despite these efforts and the short distance to land, 30 people reportedly perished with the ship. Vasa sank in full view of a crowd of hundreds, if not thousands, of mostly ordinary Stockholmers who had come to see the great ship set sail.
The crowd included foreign ambassadors, in effect spies of Gustavus Adolphus' allies and enemies, who also witnessed the catastrophe. The Council sent a letter to the king the day after the loss, telling him of the sinking, but it took over two weeks to reach him in Poland.
Under initial interrogation, he swore that the guns had been properly secured and that the crew was sober. A full inquest before a tribunal of members of the Privy Council and Admiralty took place at the Royal Palace on 5 September Each of the surviving officers was questioned as was the supervising shipwright and a number of expert witnesses.
The object of the inquest was as much or more to find a scapegoat as to find out why the ship had sunk. Whoever the committee might find guilty for the fiasco would face a severe penalty. Surviving crew members were questioned one by one about the handling of the ship at the time of the disaster.
Was it rigged properly for the wind? Was the crew sober? Was the ballast properly stowed? Were the guns properly secured?
However, no one was prepared to take the blame. Crewmen and contractors formed two camps; each tried to blame the other, and everyone swore he had done his duty without fault and it was during the inquest that the details of the stability demonstration were revealed. Next, attention was directed to the shipbuilders. Jacobsson had in fact widened the ship by 1 foot 5 inches c.
In the end, no guilty party could be found. The answer Arendt de Groote gave when asked by the court why the ship sank was "Only God knows". Gustavus Adolphus had approved all measurements and armaments, and the ship was built according to the instructions and loaded with the number of guns specified.
In the end, no-one was punished or found guilty for negligence, and the blame effectively fell on Henrik Hybertsson. Less than three days after the disaster, a contract was signed for the ship to be raised.
However, those efforts were unsuccessful. Two ships or hulks were placed parallel to either side above the wreck, and ropes attached to several anchors were sent down and hooked to the ship. The two hulks were filled with as much water as was safe, the ropes tightened, and the water pumped out. The sunken ship then rose with the ships on the surface and could be towed to shallower waters. The process was then repeated until the entire ship was successfully raised above water level.
Even if the underwater weight of Vasa was not great, the mud in which it had settled made it sit more securely on the bottom and required considerable lifting power to overcome. With a simple diving bell , the team of Swedish and Finnish divers retrieved more than 50 of them. Such activity waned when it became clear that the ship could not be raised by the technology of the time. However, Vasa did not fall completely into obscurity after the recovery of the guns.
The ship was mentioned in several histories of Sweden and the Swedish Navy, and the location of the wreck appeared on harbor charts of Stockholm in the 19th century.
In , the navy officer Anton Ludwig Fahnehjelm turned in a request for salvaging rights to the ship, claiming he had located it. Fahnehjelm was an inventor who designed an early form of light diving suit and had previously been involved in other salvage operations.
There were dives made on the wreck in �, and a commercial salvage company applied for a Pontoon Boat Trailer Building Plans Free permit to raise or salvage the wreck in , but this was turned down. In , a witness also claimed that his father, a petty officer in the Swedish navy, had taken part in diving exercises on Vasa in the years before World War I. Among the first things to decompose were the thousands of iron bolts that held the beakhead and much of the sterncastle together, and this included all of the ship's wooden sculptures.
Almost all of the iron on the ship rusted away within a few years of the sinking, and only large objects, such as anchors, or items made of cast iron, such as cannonballs, survived. Organic materials fared better in the anaerobic conditions, and so wood, cloth and leather are often in very good condition, but objects exposed to the currents were eroded by the sediment in the water, so that some are barely recognizable.
Of the human remains, most of the soft tissue was quickly consumed by bacteria, fish and crustaceans, leaving only the bones, which were often held together only by clothing, although in one case, hair, nails and brain tissue survived.
The parts of the hull held together by joinery and wooden treenails remained intact for as much as two centuries, suffering gradual erosion of surfaces exposed to the water, unless they were disturbed by outside forces.
Eventually the entire sterncastle, the high, aft portion of the ship that housed the officers' quarters and held up the transom, gradually collapsed into the mud with all the decorative sculptures.
The quarter galleries , which were merely nailed to the sides of the sterncastle, collapsed fairly quickly and were found lying almost directly below their original locations. Human activity was the most destructive factor, as Pontoon Boat Blind Plans Zero the initial salvage efforts, the recovery of the guns, and the final salvage in the 20th century all left their marks.
Peckell and Treileben broke up and removed much of the planking of the weather deck to get to the cannons on the decks below. Peckell reported that he had recovered 30 cartloads of wood from the ship; these might have included not just planking and structural details but also some of the sculptures which today are missing, such as the life-size Roman warrior near the bow and the sculpture of Septimius Severus that adorned the port side of the beakhead.
Construction work in Stockholm harbor usually results in blasting of bedrock, and the resulting tonnes of rubble were often dumped in the harbor; some of this landed on the ship, causing further damage to the stern and the upper deck. He spent many years probing the waters without success around the many assumed locations of the wreckage.
He did not succeed until, based on accounts of an unknown topographical anomaly just south of the Gustav V dock on Beckholmen , he narrowed his search. In , with a home-made, gravity-powered coring probe, he located a large wooden object almost parallel to the mouth of dock on Beckholmen.
The location of the ship received considerable attention, even if the identification of the ship could not be determined without closer investigation. Soon after the announcement of the find, planning got underway to determine how to excavate and raise Vasa.
The Swedish Navy was involved from the start, as were various museums and the National Heritage board, representatives of which eventually formed the Vasa Committee, the predecessor of the Vasa Board. A number of possible recovery methods were proposed, including filling the ship with ping-pong balls and freezing it in a block of ice, but the method chosen by the Vasa Board which succeeded the Vasa Committee was essentially the same one attempted immediately after the sinking.
Divers spent two years digging six tunnels under the ship for steel cable slings, which were taken to a pair of lifting pontoons at the surface. The work under the ship was extremely dangerous, requiring the divers to cut tunnels through the clay with high-pressure water jets and suck up the resulting slurry with a dredge, all while working in total darkness with hundreds of tonnes of mud-filled ship overhead.
The almost vertical sections of the tunnels near the side of the hull could also potentially collapse and bury a diver inside.
Each time the pontoons were pumped full, the cables tightened and the pontoons were pumped out, the ship was brought a metre closer to the surface.
In a series of 18 lifts in August and September , the ship was moved from depth of 32 metres ft to 16 metres 52 ft in the more sheltered area of Kastellholmsviken, where divers could work more safely to prepare for the final lift. The gun ports were closed by means of temporary lids, a temporary replacement of the collapsed sterncastle was constructed, and many of the holes from the iron bolts that had rusted away were plugged.
The final lift began on 8 April , and on the morning of 24 April, Vasa was ready to return to the world for the first time in years. Press from all over the world, television cameras, invited guests on barges and boats, and thousands of spectators on shore watched as the first timbers broke the surface. The ship was then emptied of water and mud and towed to the Gustav V dry dock on Beckholmen, where the ship was floated on its own keel onto a concrete pontoon, on which the hull still stands.
From the end of to December , Vasa was housed in a temporary facility called Wasavarvet "The Vasa Shipyard" , which included exhibit space as well as the activities centred on the ship. A building was erected over the ship on its pontoon, but it was very cramped, making conservation work awkward. Visitors could view the ship from just two levels, and the maximum viewing distance was in most places only a couple of metres, which made it difficult for viewers to get an overall view of the ship.
In , the Swedish government decided that a permanent building was to be constructed, and a design competition was organised.
Ground was broken in , and Vasa was towed into the half-finished Vasa Museum in December The museum was officially opened to the public in Vasa posed an unprecedented challenge for archaeologists. Never before had a four-storey structure, with most of its original contents largely undisturbed, been available for excavation.
The ship had to be kept wet in order that it not dry out and crack before it could be properly conserved. Digging had to be performed under a constant drizzle of water and in a sludge-covered mud that could be more than one metre deep.
In order to establish find locations, the hull was divided into several sections demarcated by the many structural beams, the decking and by a line drawn along the centre of the ship from stern to bow. For the most part, the decks were excavated individually, though at times work progressed on more than one deck level simultaneously.
Vasa had four preserved decks: the upper and lower gun decks, the hold and the orlop. Because of the constraints of preparing the ship for conservation, the archaeologists had to work quickly, in hour shifts during the first week of excavation.
The upper gun deck was greatly disturbed by the various salvage projects between and , and it contained not only material that had fallen down from the rigging and upper deck, but also more than three centuries of harbor refuse. The gundecks contained not just gun carriages, the three surviving cannons, and other objects of a military nature, but were also where most of the personal possessions of the sailors had been stored at the time of the sinking.
These included a wide range of loose finds, as well as chests and casks with spare clothing and shoes, tools and materials for mending, money in the form of low-denomination copper coins , privately purchased provisions, and all of the everyday objects needed for life at sea.
Most of the finds are of wood, testifying not only to the simple life on board, but to the generally unsophisticated state of Swedish material culture in the early 17th century. The lower decks were primarily used for storage, and so the hold was filled with barrels of provisions and gunpowder, coils of anchor cable, iron shot for the guns, and the personal possessions of some of the officers. On the orlop deck, a small compartment contained six of the ship's ten sails, rigging spares, and the working parts for the ship's pumps.
Another compartment contained the possessions of the ship's carpenter, including a large tool chest. After the ship itself had been salvaged and excavated, the site of the loss was excavated thoroughly during � This produced many items of rigging tackle as well as structural timbers that had fallen off, particularly from the beakhead and sterncastle.
Most of the sculptures that had decorated the exterior of the hull were also found in the mud, along with the ship's anchors and the skeletons of at least four people. The last object to be brought up was the nearly metre-long longboat , called esping in Swedish, found lying parallel to the ship and believed to have been towed by Vasa when it sank.
Many of the more recent objects contaminating the site were disregarded when the finds were registered, but some were the remains of the s salvage efforts and others had their own stories to tell.
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