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The first steamboat on western waters, the foot sternwheeler New Orleans , was built by Nicolas J. Roosevelt, a partner of Fulton's and ancestor of the future presidents, in Pittsburgh. The most dramatic improvements in steamboat design came at the hands of Henry Shreve, whose name lives on in the river city in Louisiana. Shreve's second steamboat, the foot-long sidewheeler Washington, featured the machinery and a high-pressure engine on the upper deck rather than below deck , allowing the flat, shallow hull to draw less water and more safely navigate the treacherous shoals, rapids, and chutes of the Mississippi River system.
His round trip from Louisville to New Orleans in took forty-one days, a journey that would have taken a keelboat several months to complete. Shreve also deserves credit for the design of the snagboat, first seen in the Heliopolis; a snagboat was a steamer with a Samson's chain, A-frame, and block-and-tackle system at its bow that could remove trees and other obstructions from inland waters.
More specialized steamboats, with higher tonnage, were constructed for the Great Lakes beginning in The following year, the first ship with steam power, the Savannah, crossed the Atlantic to Europe, although it ran mostly under sail and it was thirty years until regular steamship service began on the ocean.
By , the steamboat, fueled by wood or coal, was becoming the vehicle of choice for long-distance inland travel, replacing the keelboat, flatboat, barge, and canoe. Ten years later, boats were registered in U. The cost of shipping raw materials and manufactured goods dropped considerably, beginning at the deep-water ports of the lower Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico , Steamboat 1800s Manual and after the work done by the U.
Army Corps of Engineers, shallower ports in other inland river systems. Ocean steamships, powered by coal and drawing four times as much water as steamboats, began to use a screw propeller instead of paddle-wheels as early as The first steamboats were crude, dangerous contraptions with short life spans.
Fires, boiler explosions, collisions, snags, ice, and rot took their toll throughout the steamboat era. Various estimates put the average life of an inland steamboat at between three and five years. Shreve's Washington, for example, exploded on the Ohio River on 9 January , killing eight but sparing the captain.
Perhaps the worst inland shipping disaster in U. In the early years, captains tended to be boat owners, but corporations soon replaced them. By the s, the. Steam lines like those owned by Diamond Joe Reynolds on the Mississippi and the Fall River line on the East Coast fought smaller firms in court and at the wharves. Boats increased in tonnage and opulence: bars, staterooms, dance halls, and lounges decorated the upper decks, while orchestras, stewards, chefs, and barbers served the needs of travelers.
One of the most opulent steamboats was the third boat named J. It was feet long, powered by 10 boilers�each 34 feet long�and had cylinders 43 inches in diameter. Its cabin stretched feet, featuring chandeliers and a single piece of Belgian carpet 19 feet wide, and its hold carried 8, bales of cotton. It could easily carry cabin passengers, deck passengers, and 90 roustabouts. The boat burned only eight months into service. Steamboat racing was a popular activity. Many captains needed only a slight excuse to start a match with a rival, even with a load of dry goods and decks full of passengers.
Perhaps the most famous race took place in from New Orleans to St. Louis between the Robert E. Lee and the Natchez. The Robert E. Lee won the race in a time of three days, eighteen hours, and fourteen minutes. Racing added to the romance of the steamboat era, which also took in gambling, drinking, music, and other pursuits as part of life on the waters.
During the Civil War , steamboats were used to transport troops and in battle, but the coming of the railroad it had reached the Mississippi in was a warning sign. The peak period of the steamboat lasted from about to With the exception of the great lumber boom of the s in the northern forests of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin and the shipping of cotton from the Mississippi Delta, steamboats were reduced to short runs, day trips, and ferrying by the early twentieth century.
After World War I , diesel-powered towboats and barges increasingly provided the muscle to move goods on the inland rivers; by the end of the twentieth century, only a handful of working steamboats, including the Delta Queen, were in operation as tourist attractions.
Corbin, Annalies. New York : Kluwer Academic, Dayton, Frederick Erving. Steamboat Days. New York : Tudor, Written by a former riverman. Hunter, Louis C. Cambridge, Mass. The definitive economic history. Morrison, John H. History of American Steam Navigation. New York: Stephen Daye Press, The original edition was published in Petersen, William J. An anecdotal account.
Neuzil, Mark " Steamboats. Neuzil, Mark "Steamboats. Steamboats were first developed in the late s and became commercially viable in the early s. There were two types of steam-driven vessels � those designed for the deep coastal waters along the eastern seaboard of the United States and those designed to navigate the shallower inland rivers of the nation's interior.
Steamboats are propelled by steam engines, which drive paddle wheels either along the boat's side or stern to move the vessel through water. The first workable steamboat was demonstrated by Connecticut-born inventor John Fitch � 98 on August 22, , on the Delaware River.
He launched two larger vessels in and , receiving a patent for his design in But Fitch's fourth boat was ruined by a storm in and the innovator lost the support of his backers. Steamships became the predominant vehicles for transatlantic cargo shipping as well as passenger travel. Millions of Europeans immigrated to the United States aboard steamships. By , railroads had long since surpassed steamboats as the dominant form of commercial transport in the United States.
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Its start and end are widely debated by scholars, but the period generally spanned from about to According to some, this turning point in history is responsible for an increase in population, an increase in the standard of living, and the emergence of the capitalist economy.
Teach your students about the Industrial Revolution with these resources. The construction of roads, canals, and railways in the 19th century accelerated the rise of the massive United States economy. Today, the artifacts recovered from the site are housed in the Arabia Steamboat Museum.
Its paddle wheels were 28 feet 8. It averaged five miles 8 km an hour going upstream. Its first trip was to carry soldiers from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Pierre , which was located up river in South Dakota. It then traveled up the Yellowstone River , adding miles 1, km to the trip. In all, the trip took nearly three months to complete. In March , the Arabia was sold to Captain William Terrill and William Boyd, and it made fourteen trips up and down the Missouri during their ownership.
In March, it collided with an obstacle either a rock or a sand bar , nearly sinking with a damaged rudder. A few weeks later it blew a cylinder head and had to be repaired again.
According to newspaper accounts at the time, a Pennsylvania abolitionist aboard the Arabia dropped a letter, which was discovered and handed over to Captain Shaw. The letter described guns and cannons en route to the slavery-free Kansas Territory from the abolitionist Massachusetts Aid Society. The weapons were discovered in boxes labeled "Carpenters Tools" and confiscated.
On September 5, , the Arabia set out for a routine trip. At Quindaro Bend, near the town of Parkville, Missouri , it hit a submerged sycamore tree snag. The snag ripped open the hull, which rapidly filled with water. The upper decks stayed above water, and the only casualty was a mule that was tied to sawmill equipment and overlooked. The boat sank so rapidly into the mud that by the next morning, only the smokestacks and pilot house remained visible. Within a few days, these traces were also swept away.
Numerous salvage attempts failed, and eventually the Arabia was completely covered by water.
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