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28.03.2021, adminLanding Ship, Tank LST wooden boat repair books 910, or tank landing shipis the naval designation for ships first developed during World War II � to support amphibious operations by carrying tanksvehicles, cargo, and landing troops directly onto shore booos no docks or piers. This enabled amphibious assaults on almost any beach. The LST had a highly specialized design that enabled ocean crossings as well as shore groundings.
The bow had a large door that could open, deploy a ramp and unload U. The LST had a special flat keel that allowed the ship to woodem beached and stay upright. The twin propellers and rudders had protection from grounding. The first tank-landing ships were built to British requirements by converting existing ships; the UK and the US then collaborated upon a joint design.
The British ships were used in late during the Allied invasion of Algeria, wooden boat repair books 910 LSTs participated in the invasion of Sicily and mainland Wooden boat repair books 910. In June they were part of the huge invasion fleet for the Normandy landings. The 190 evacuation from Dunkirk in demonstrated to the Admiralty that the Allies needed relatively large, ocean-going ships that could handle shore-to-shore delivery of tanks and other vehicles in amphibious assaults upon the continent of Europe.
As an interim measure, three 4, to 4,GRT tankers, built to pass over the restrictive bars of Lake MaracaiboVenezuelawere selected for conversion because of their shallow draft. In order that it could carry 13 Churchill infantry tanks27 other vehicles and nearly men in addition to the crew at a speed of 18 knots, it could not have a shallow draught bokos for easy unloading.
As a result, each of the three BoxerBruiserand Thruster ordered in March woodenn a very repakr ramp stowed behind the bow doors. The U. In Novembera small delegation from the Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the United States Navy 's Bureau of Ships with regard to development of ships and the possibility of building further Boxer s in the US.
As with boaf standing agreement, these ships would be built by the US so British shipyards could concentrate on building vessels for wooden boat repair books 910 Royal Navy.
The specifications called for vessels capable of crossing the Atlantic, and the original title given to them was "Atlantic Tank Landing Craft" Atlantic T. Calling bpoks vessel ft 91 m long a "craft" was considered a misnomer and the type was re-christened "Landing Ship, Tank 2 ", or "LST 2 ".
One of the elements provided for sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls so that they would float the ship even when the tank deck was flooded. Within a few days, John C. Niedermair of the Bureau of Ships boaf out an awkward looking ship reoair proved to be the basic design for the more than 1, LST 2 that were built during World War II.
To meet the conflicting requirements of deep draft for ocean travel and shallow draft for beaching, the ship was designed with a large ballast system that could be filled for ocean passage and pumped out for beaching operations.
The rough sketch was sent to Britain on 5 November and accepted immediately. The preliminary plans initially 9110 for an LST feet 85 m in length; but, in Januarythe Bureau of Ships discarded these drawings in favor of specifications for a ship feet 88 bpoks long. Within a month, final working plans were developed that further stretched the overall length to feet m and called for a foot 15 m beam and a minimum draft of 3.
This scheme distributed the ship's weight over a greater area, enabling her to ride higher Wooden Boat Repair Books Pdf in the water when in landing trim. The LST could carry a 2, short tons 1, t load of tanks and vehicles. The larger dimensions also permitted the designers to increase the width of the bow door opening and ramp from 12 to 14 feet 3. Provisions woocen made for the satisfactory ventilation of the tank space while the tank motors were running, and an repiar was provided to woodrn vehicles from the main deck to the tank deck for disembarking.
The interior of the building was constructed to duplicate all the features found within an actual Dooden. Being the home to the Armored Force Board, Fort Knox supplied tanks to run on the inside while Naval architects developed a ventilation wooden boat repair books 910 capable of evacuating wkoden well-deck of harmful gases.
Testing was completed in three months. Voat historic building remains at Fort Knox today. Early LST operations required overcoming the 18th-century language of the Articles for the Government of the Wooden boat repair books 910 States Navy: "He who doth suffer his ships to founder on rocks and shoals shall be punished In three gooks acts dated 6 February26 Mayand 17 DecemberCongress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries, destroyer escortsand assorted landing craft.
The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high woodeh was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an aircraft carrier was hastily removed to wooden boat repair books 910 room for several LSTs to be built in her place. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of The LST building program was unique in several respects. As soon as the basic design had bookss developed, contracts were let and construction was commenced in quantity before the completion of a test vessel.
Preliminary orders were rushed out verbally or by telegrams, telephone, and air mail letters. The ordering of certain materials actually bot the completion of design work. While many heavy equipment items, such as main propulsion machinery, were furnished directly by the Navy, the balance of the procurement was handled centrally by the Material Coordinating Agency�an adjunct of the Bureau of Ships�so that the numerous builders in the program would not have to bid against one.
Through vigorous follow-up action on materials ordered, the agency made possible the completion of construction schedules in record time. The need for LSTs was urgent, and the program enjoyed a high priority throughout the war.
Since most shipbuilding activities were located in coastal yards that were mainly used for construction tepair large, deep-draft ships, new construction facilities for the LSTs were established along inland waterways, some converted from heavy-industry plants, such as steel fabrication yards.
Shifting the vessels was complicated by bridges wooden boat repair books 910 waterways, many of which were modified by the Navy to permit passage. A dedicated Navy "Ferry Command" orchestrated the transportation of newly constructed ships to coastal ports for final fitting. Of the 1, LSTs built during the war, were supplied by five "cornfield shipyards" in the Middle West.
Wooden boat repair books 910 Corporation 's facility at Neville Island, Pennsylvaniadesignated the lead shipyard for the project, built vessels and developed fabrication techniques that reduced construction time and costs at all of bbooks LST shipyards. Bythe construction time for an LST had been reduced to four months. By the end of the war, this had been cut to two months.
Considerable effort was expended to hold the ship's design constant, but, by mid, operating experience led to the incorporation of certain changes in the new ships. The LST class replaced the elevator installed in the original LST-1 classto transfer equipment between the tank deck and the main deck, with a repakr that was hinged at the main deck.
This allowed vehicles to be driven directly from the main deck onto the tank deck and then across the bow ramp to the beach or causeway, speeding the process of disembarkation. As such, it was decided to build a repqir 80 of the ships in the UK and Canada to be available in the aooden of Two major problems made a redesign necessary.
The preferred light weight medium-speed locomotive type Electro-Motive Diesel diesel engines wooden boat repair books 910 not immediately available. Staff wanted more power and higher speeds if possible, which the EMD engines could have provided.
However, the only engines available were very heavy steam reciprocating engines wooden boat repair books 910 frigates that had been cancelled. These delivered two and a half times the power of the diesels. So large were they that significant changes woodeb to be made to accommodate. Lack of welded construction facilities meant that the hull had to be riveted. This combination of heavy hull and heavy engines meant that speed was only 3 knots faster than the LCT 2.
At the re;air time, other improvements were made�as well as simplifications required so 9100 of the structure could be assembled with rivets. The cutaway hard chine that had been dropped in the American version of the Mark 2 vessels was restored. The tank deck, which was above the waterline, was made parallel to the keelthere was to be no round down to the upper deck, and the ship was enlarged to accommodate the more bulky machinery.
When the design commenced, engineers knew that the beaches where the ships were expected to land would be very flat, but it was not possible to produce a satisfactory vessel with a 3 ft 0. It wooden boat repair books 910 known wooden boat repair books 910 the slope gepair often result in the LST grounding aft on a shallow beach, resulting in the vehicles being discharged into comparatively deep water. Various methods had been investigated wooden boat repair books 910 Wooden Boat Repair Books Videos overcome the problem, but heavy grounding skegs and the N.
When offloading, the rafts were secured to the fore end of the ship, and the load discharged directly onto the shore, or towed on the raft to the shore. The ships were fitted out for service in both very cold and tropical conditions. Bkat accommodation provided for both crew and army personnel was greatly improved compared with LST 2. The main hazard, apart from enemy action, was fire on the tank deck. Fire sprinklers were provided, but the water drenching system installed in later American repaur could not be provided.
The bow door arrangements were similar to the LST 2but the design arranged the bow ramp in two parts in an attempt to increase the number of beaches where direct discharge would be possible. The machinery for operating the bow doors and ramp were electrical, but otherwise, steam auxiliaries replaced the electrical gear on the LST 2. The general wooden boat repair books 910 of the tank deck were similar, but the design increased headroom and added a ramp to the top boaf, as bpoks later LST 2 s.
Provision was made wooden boat repair books 910 carrying LCA on gravity bloks instead of the American bookw assault boats. The arrangements were generally relair improvement over the LST 2but suffered from a deeper draught, and, to some extent, from the haste of construction. The first orders were placed in December with British builders, and wooden boat repair books 910 with Canadian builders.
Swan Hunter delivered the first ships in December Duringfollow up orders were placed in Canada for a further These programmes were in full swing when the war ended, but not all blat were completed. Fifteen ton tanks or 27 ton tanks could be carried on the tank deck with an additional fourteen lorries on the weather deck. Steam was wooden boat repair books 910 by a pair of Admiralty pattern 3-drum water-tube type boilersworking at pounds per square inch.
The main engines were of the 4-cylinder triple expansion 4-crank type, balanced on the Yarrow -Tweedy-Slick system, the cylinders being as follows:.
The common stroke was 30 inches mm. The piston and slide valve rods were all fitted with metallic packing to the stuffing boxes, and all pistons fitted with packing rings and springs.
The wooden boat repair books 910 valve was of the piston type, whilst the remaining ones were of the balanced type. The main engines were designed to develop 2, hp 2, kW at rpm continuously. With the ships being twin screw, the engines were fitted with a shaft coupling to the crank shaft at the forward end, allowing the engine to be turned end to end to suit either port or starboard side fitting. The LCT needed lifting onto the deck of bkoks ship, being carried on wedge-shaped support blocks; at the time of launching she was set down on the "launch ways" by simply slacking off bolts in the wedge blocks, allowing the launch way to take the weight.
Biat carry out wooden boat repair books 910 launch, the Boay was simply heeled over about 11 degrees by careful flooding of tanks in the hull. The height of the drop was about 10 ft 3. This method was used for moving LCT5s from Britain to wioden Far East, although there seems to be no reference to LST wokden s being used, most being completed late in or after the war.
Even at the end of the war there was a need for more ships able to carry minor landing craft, and two of the LST 3 s then completing were specially fitted to carry LCM 7. These craft, which were 58 wooden boat repair books 910 18 m long and weighed about 28 tons, were carried transversely on the upper deck of the ship. They were hoisted on by means of a specially fitted ton derrick; This ton derrick replaced a ton derrick, two of which were the standard fit of the LST 3.
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